Volume 17,Issue 5,2021 Table of Contents
2021, 17(5):257-261.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0064-z
Abstract:
We use the method of discrete dipole approximation with surface interaction to construct a model in which a plurality of nanoparticles is arranged on the surface of BK7 glass. Nanoparticles are in air medium illuminated by evanescent wave generated from total internal reflection. The effects of the wavelength, the polarization of the incident wave, the number of nanoparticles and the spacing of multiple nanoparticles on the field enhancement and extinction efficiency are calculated by our model. Our work could pave the way to improve the field enhancement of multiple nanoparticles systems.
We use the method of discrete dipole approximation with surface interaction to construct a model in which a plurality of nanoparticles is arranged on the surface of BK7 glass. Nanoparticles are in air medium illuminated by evanescent wave generated from total internal reflection. The effects of the wavelength, the polarization of the incident wave, the number of nanoparticles and the spacing of multiple nanoparticles on the field enhancement and extinction efficiency are calculated by our model. Our work could pave the way to improve the field enhancement of multiple nanoparticles systems.
2021, 17(5):262-265.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0087-5
Abstract:
Here, a novel Au Wedge-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) substrate is proposed. The electric field enhancement factor and the effective mode field radius with varying geometry parameters are investigated. The proper excitation wavelength 633 nm is obtained. The practical application of WERS substrate is discussed. The Au WERS not only can provide a continuous extremely highly localized electric field as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) hotspots, but also can offer 10 orders of magnitude of SERS enhancement factor. The corresponding results reveal that WERS substrate will be widely applied in optics, biology, chemistry and other fields.
Here, a novel Au Wedge-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) substrate is proposed. The electric field enhancement factor and the effective mode field radius with varying geometry parameters are investigated. The proper excitation wavelength 633 nm is obtained. The practical application of WERS substrate is discussed. The Au WERS not only can provide a continuous extremely highly localized electric field as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) hotspots, but also can offer 10 orders of magnitude of SERS enhancement factor. The corresponding results reveal that WERS substrate will be widely applied in optics, biology, chemistry and other fields.
2021, 17(5):266-270.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0103-9
Abstract:
A method to evaluate the influence of the laser linewidth on the linearly frequency-modulated (LFM) signals generated by heterodyning two free-running laser diodes (LDs) is proposed. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the instantaneous frequency of the generated LFM signal and that of an ideal LFM signal is introduced to quantify the quality of the generated LFM signal. The closed-form solution of the correlation coefficient is given, which shows that the correlation coefficient is determined by the ratio of the LFM signal bandwidth to the square root of the total linewidth of the two LDs when the observation interval is fixed. Simulation results are also given, which proves the correctness of the theoretical results.
A method to evaluate the influence of the laser linewidth on the linearly frequency-modulated (LFM) signals generated by heterodyning two free-running laser diodes (LDs) is proposed. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the instantaneous frequency of the generated LFM signal and that of an ideal LFM signal is introduced to quantify the quality of the generated LFM signal. The closed-form solution of the correlation coefficient is given, which shows that the correlation coefficient is determined by the ratio of the LFM signal bandwidth to the square root of the total linewidth of the two LDs when the observation interval is fixed. Simulation results are also given, which proves the correctness of the theoretical results.
2021, 17(5):271-275.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0175-6
Abstract:
A refractive index (RI) sensor based on elliptical core photonic crystal fiber (EC-PCF) has been proposed. The asymmetric elliptical core introduces the polarization-dependent characteristics of the fiber core modes. The performances of intermodal interference between the intrinsic polarization fiber core modes are investigated by contrast in two interferometers based on the Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) and Sagnac interference model. In addition, the RI sensing characteristics of the two interferometers are studied by successively filling the three layers air holes closest to the elliptical core in the cladding. The results show that the M-Z interference between LP01 and LP11 mode in the same polarized direction is featured with the incremental RI sensing sensitivity as the decreasing interference length, and the infilled scope around the elliptical core has a weak correlation with the RI sensing sensitivity. Due to the high birefringence of LP11 mode, the Sagnac interferometer has better RI sensing performance, the maximum RI sensing sensitivity of 12 000 nm/RIU is achieved under the innermost one layer air holes infilled with RI matching liquid of RI=1.39 at the pre-setting EC-PCF length of 12 cm, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the M-Z interferometer with the same fiber length. The series of theoretical optimized analysis would provide guidance for the applications in the field of biochemical sensing.
A refractive index (RI) sensor based on elliptical core photonic crystal fiber (EC-PCF) has been proposed. The asymmetric elliptical core introduces the polarization-dependent characteristics of the fiber core modes. The performances of intermodal interference between the intrinsic polarization fiber core modes are investigated by contrast in two interferometers based on the Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) and Sagnac interference model. In addition, the RI sensing characteristics of the two interferometers are studied by successively filling the three layers air holes closest to the elliptical core in the cladding. The results show that the M-Z interference between LP01 and LP11 mode in the same polarized direction is featured with the incremental RI sensing sensitivity as the decreasing interference length, and the infilled scope around the elliptical core has a weak correlation with the RI sensing sensitivity. Due to the high birefringence of LP11 mode, the Sagnac interferometer has better RI sensing performance, the maximum RI sensing sensitivity of 12 000 nm/RIU is achieved under the innermost one layer air holes infilled with RI matching liquid of RI=1.39 at the pre-setting EC-PCF length of 12 cm, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the M-Z interferometer with the same fiber length. The series of theoretical optimized analysis would provide guidance for the applications in the field of biochemical sensing.
2021, 17(5):276-282.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0107-5
Abstract:
In this paper, the degradation related parameters of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell induced by electron irradiation are carried out by numerical simulation. The degradation results of short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, maximum power have been investigated, and the degradation mechanism is analyzed. Combining the degradation results, the degradation of normalized parameters versus displacement damage dose is obtained. The results show that the degradation increases with the increase of the electron fluence and electron irradiation energy. The degradation normalized related parameters versus displacement damage dose can be characterized by a special curve that is not affected by the type of irradiated particles. By calculating the annual displacement damage dose and the on-orbit operation time of special space orbit, the degradation of normalized parameters can be obtained with the fitting curve in the simulation. The study will provide an approach to estimate the radiation damage of triple-junction solar cell induced by space particle irradiation.
In this paper, the degradation related parameters of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell induced by electron irradiation are carried out by numerical simulation. The degradation results of short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, maximum power have been investigated, and the degradation mechanism is analyzed. Combining the degradation results, the degradation of normalized parameters versus displacement damage dose is obtained. The results show that the degradation increases with the increase of the electron fluence and electron irradiation energy. The degradation normalized related parameters versus displacement damage dose can be characterized by a special curve that is not affected by the type of irradiated particles. By calculating the annual displacement damage dose and the on-orbit operation time of special space orbit, the degradation of normalized parameters can be obtained with the fitting curve in the simulation. The study will provide an approach to estimate the radiation damage of triple-junction solar cell induced by space particle irradiation.
2021, 17(5):283-288.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0082-x
Abstract:
We experimentally discussed the output characteristics of a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser using a single-mode fiber (SMF) structure as a saturable absorber (SA) based on nonlinear optic loop mirror (NOLM). The NOLM acting as an SA has properties of controllable pulse interval and pulse width. Four different types of NOLMs are experimentally discussed and the results show that fine adjustment to the coupler ratio together with optimization of the SMF length inside the NOLM can simultaneously implement high pulse energy and pulse internal tunability. The laser configuration provides a method to generate well-performing mode-locked lasing, and the investigations of the effects of changing some parameters of the laser also provide some help for the development of mode-locked fiber laser based on NOLM.
We experimentally discussed the output characteristics of a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser using a single-mode fiber (SMF) structure as a saturable absorber (SA) based on nonlinear optic loop mirror (NOLM). The NOLM acting as an SA has properties of controllable pulse interval and pulse width. Four different types of NOLMs are experimentally discussed and the results show that fine adjustment to the coupler ratio together with optimization of the SMF length inside the NOLM can simultaneously implement high pulse energy and pulse internal tunability. The laser configuration provides a method to generate well-performing mode-locked lasing, and the investigations of the effects of changing some parameters of the laser also provide some help for the development of mode-locked fiber laser based on NOLM.
2021, 17(5):289-293.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0088-4
Abstract:
A concentration sensor based on silver (Ag)/silica (SiO2)/zirconium anhydride (ZrO2) multilayer structure is proposed. Two dominant dips can be observed in the reflection spectrum, which correspond to different sensing methods. Firstly, it is demonstrated that the coupling between the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode and a planar waveguide mode (WGM) leads to the Fano resonance (FR). The induced bonding hybridized modes have ultra-narrow full wave at half maximum (FWHM) as well as ultra-high quality factors (Q). We can achieve a theoretical value of the refractive index sensitivity 167 times higher than conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors with a single metal layer. Secondly, the waveguide coupling mode was examined by measuring angular spectra. A deep and sharp waveguide coupling dip was obtained. The experimental results show that with an increase in the concentration of the fill dielectric material in the surface of the system, the resonance dip exhibits a remarkable red shift, and the measured angular sensitivity is 98.04°/RIU.
A concentration sensor based on silver (Ag)/silica (SiO2)/zirconium anhydride (ZrO2) multilayer structure is proposed. Two dominant dips can be observed in the reflection spectrum, which correspond to different sensing methods. Firstly, it is demonstrated that the coupling between the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode and a planar waveguide mode (WGM) leads to the Fano resonance (FR). The induced bonding hybridized modes have ultra-narrow full wave at half maximum (FWHM) as well as ultra-high quality factors (Q). We can achieve a theoretical value of the refractive index sensitivity 167 times higher than conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors with a single metal layer. Secondly, the waveguide coupling mode was examined by measuring angular spectra. A deep and sharp waveguide coupling dip was obtained. The experimental results show that with an increase in the concentration of the fill dielectric material in the surface of the system, the resonance dip exhibits a remarkable red shift, and the measured angular sensitivity is 98.04°/RIU.
2021, 17(5):294-297.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0098-2
Abstract:
We report a Tm-doped noise-like mode-locked (NLML) pulsed fiber laser with a compact linear cavity which consists of dual nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLMs). The design of dual-NOLM shows both exceptional compactness in construction and distinct flexibility. In this laser, mode-locking can be realized through the nonlinear optical loop mirror technique. Stable noise-like mode-locked pulses with spectral bandwidth of 29.18 nm and pulse energy of 46 nJ are generated at a central wavelength of 1 999.7 nm. Our results indicate that such a simple and inexpensive structure can pave the way for the development of generating supercontinuum with desirable performance.
We report a Tm-doped noise-like mode-locked (NLML) pulsed fiber laser with a compact linear cavity which consists of dual nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLMs). The design of dual-NOLM shows both exceptional compactness in construction and distinct flexibility. In this laser, mode-locking can be realized through the nonlinear optical loop mirror technique. Stable noise-like mode-locked pulses with spectral bandwidth of 29.18 nm and pulse energy of 46 nJ are generated at a central wavelength of 1 999.7 nm. Our results indicate that such a simple and inexpensive structure can pave the way for the development of generating supercontinuum with desirable performance.
Mohd Hafiz Jali
,
Hazli Rafis Abdul Rahim
,
Md Ashadi Md Johari
,
Maslinda Mat Sharif
,
Siti Halma Johari
,
Siddharth Thokchom
,
Habibah Mohamed
,
Moh Yasin
,
，Sulaiman Wadi Harun
2021, 17(5):298-301.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0109-3
Abstract:
In this letter, a humidity sensor is demonstrated by applying a whispering gallery mode (WGM) from a microsphere resonator onto the ZnO nanorods coated glass surface. The diameter of the microsphere was 234 µm and the glass surface was coated with ZnO nanorods using the hydrothermal method at growth duration of 12 h. A significant response to humidity level ranging from 35%RH to 85%RH has been observed with the sensitivity of 0.014 2 nm/%RH. The proposed humidity sensor has successfully employed to enhance interaction between the whispering gallery mode evanescent and surrounds analyte with the assistance of ZnO nanorods coated glass.
In this letter, a humidity sensor is demonstrated by applying a whispering gallery mode (WGM) from a microsphere resonator onto the ZnO nanorods coated glass surface. The diameter of the microsphere was 234 µm and the glass surface was coated with ZnO nanorods using the hydrothermal method at growth duration of 12 h. A significant response to humidity level ranging from 35%RH to 85%RH has been observed with the sensitivity of 0.014 2 nm/%RH. The proposed humidity sensor has successfully employed to enhance interaction between the whispering gallery mode evanescent and surrounds analyte with the assistance of ZnO nanorods coated glass.
2021, 17(5):302-307.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0108-4
Abstract:
Photoluminescence (PL) was investigated as functions of the excitation intensity and temperature for a coupling surface quantum dots (SQDs) structure which consists of one In0.3Ga0.7As SQDs layer being stacked on multi-layers of In0.3Ga0.7As buried quantum dots (BQDs). Accompanied by considering the localized excitons effect induced by interface fluctuation, carrier transition between BQDs and SQDs were analyzed carefully. The PL measurements confirm that there is a strong carrier transition from BQDs to SQDs and this transition leads to obvious different PL characteristics between BQDs and SQDs. These results are useful for future application of SQDs as surface sensitive sensors.
Photoluminescence (PL) was investigated as functions of the excitation intensity and temperature for a coupling surface quantum dots (SQDs) structure which consists of one In0.3Ga0.7As SQDs layer being stacked on multi-layers of In0.3Ga0.7As buried quantum dots (BQDs). Accompanied by considering the localized excitons effect induced by interface fluctuation, carrier transition between BQDs and SQDs were analyzed carefully. The PL measurements confirm that there is a strong carrier transition from BQDs to SQDs and this transition leads to obvious different PL characteristics between BQDs and SQDs. These results are useful for future application of SQDs as surface sensitive sensors.
11 2 Tbit/s based coherent wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network for 5G transport
2021, 17(5):308-312.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0092-8
Abstract:
Future high-speed mobile communication systems require low latency and high capacity networks. Coherent wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) passive optical network (PON) scheme is expected to play a vital role in these systems. In this paper, coherent WDM-PON scheme based on dual-polarization 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (DP-16QAM) transceiver has been investigated. The aim of this scheme is to build a 2 Tbit/s (125 Gbit/s/λ×16 wavelengths) network that will be used in the construction of the transport architecture of fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) cellular networks either in mobile front haul (MFH) or mobile back haul (MBH). The results indicate that the proposed scheme is very adequate for both 5G and B5G cellular networks requirements.
Future high-speed mobile communication systems require low latency and high capacity networks. Coherent wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) passive optical network (PON) scheme is expected to play a vital role in these systems. In this paper, coherent WDM-PON scheme based on dual-polarization 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (DP-16QAM) transceiver has been investigated. The aim of this scheme is to build a 2 Tbit/s (125 Gbit/s/λ×16 wavelengths) network that will be used in the construction of the transport architecture of fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) cellular networks either in mobile front haul (MFH) or mobile back haul (MBH). The results indicate that the proposed scheme is very adequate for both 5G and B5G cellular networks requirements.
2021, 17(5):313-316.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0047-0
Abstract:
In order to generate high quality regular optical vortex array (OVA), we present an experimental method for generating OVA using phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) assisted two gratings. In the scheme, holograms of two grating are displayed on the screen of two LC-SLMs respectively; the diffraction optical fields are captured by a CCD camera. The simulated and experimental results show that the regular OVA can be generated by using double diffraction gratings. The generated OVAs have a constant topological charge of ±1. The method can provide a useful pathway to produce regular OVA for some applications in optical communication, particle trapping and optical metrology.
In order to generate high quality regular optical vortex array (OVA), we present an experimental method for generating OVA using phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) assisted two gratings. In the scheme, holograms of two grating are displayed on the screen of two LC-SLMs respectively; the diffraction optical fields are captured by a CCD camera. The simulated and experimental results show that the regular OVA can be generated by using double diffraction gratings. The generated OVAs have a constant topological charge of ±1. The method can provide a useful pathway to produce regular OVA for some applications in optical communication, particle trapping and optical metrology.
2021, 17(5):317-320.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-021-0090-x
Abstract:
Aiming at the problem that the lattice feature exceeds the view field of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) measuring system, a new lattice measuring method is proposed based on integral imaging technology. When the system works, the SEM measuring system is equivalent to an integral image acquisition system. Firstly, a lattice measuring method is researched based on integral imaging theory. Secondly, the system parameters are calibrated by the VLSI lattice standard. Finally, the value of the lattice standard to be tested is determined based on the calibration parameters and the lattice measuring algorithm. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional electron microscope measurement method, the relative error of the measured value of the algorithm is maintained within 0.2%, with the same level of measurement accuracy, but it expands the field of view of the electron microscope measurement system, which is suitable for the measurement of samples under high magnification.
Aiming at the problem that the lattice feature exceeds the view field of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) measuring system, a new lattice measuring method is proposed based on integral imaging technology. When the system works, the SEM measuring system is equivalent to an integral image acquisition system. Firstly, a lattice measuring method is researched based on integral imaging theory. Secondly, the system parameters are calibrated by the VLSI lattice standard. Finally, the value of the lattice standard to be tested is determined based on the calibration parameters and the lattice measuring algorithm. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional electron microscope measurement method, the relative error of the measured value of the algorithm is maintained within 0.2%, with the same level of measurement accuracy, but it expands the field of view of the electron microscope measurement system, which is suitable for the measurement of samples under high magnification.
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