Volume 15,Issue 6,2019 Table of Contents
2019, 15(6):401-405.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9025-1
Abstract:
In this letter, we propose a bidirectional optical amplification scheme for fiber-optic time transfer based on bidirectional wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission. The proposed scheme employs single unidirectional erbium-doped fiber amplifier (Uni-EDFA) for commercial optical networks to implement bidirectional optical amplification. Since including isolators, the effect of backscattering due to the accumulated amplification can be efficiently suppressed by the proposed amplifier. The proposed scheme is validated over different length fiber links in laboratory. Experimental results show that the proposed amplifier can support fiber-optic time transfer over several thousands of kilometers with an additional bidirectional delay difference fluctuation at picosecond magnitude.
In this letter, we propose a bidirectional optical amplification scheme for fiber-optic time transfer based on bidirectional wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission. The proposed scheme employs single unidirectional erbium-doped fiber amplifier (Uni-EDFA) for commercial optical networks to implement bidirectional optical amplification. Since including isolators, the effect of backscattering due to the accumulated amplification can be efficiently suppressed by the proposed amplifier. The proposed scheme is validated over different length fiber links in laboratory. Experimental results show that the proposed amplifier can support fiber-optic time transfer over several thousands of kilometers with an additional bidirectional delay difference fluctuation at picosecond magnitude.
2019, 15(6):406-410.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-8178-2
Abstract:
In this paper, we address the problem of blind denoising for laser detection and ranging equipment (LiDAR) based on estimating noise level from LiDAR pulse echo. We first provide rigorous statistical analysis on the eigenvalue distributions of a sample covariance matrix. Then we propose an interval-bounded estimator for noise variance in high dimensional setting. To this end, an effective blind denoising filtering method for LiDAR is devised based on the adaptive estimation noise level. The estimation performance of our method has been guaranteed both theoretically and empirically. The analysis and experiment results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can reliably infer true noise levels, and outperforms the relevant existing methods.
In this paper, we address the problem of blind denoising for laser detection and ranging equipment (LiDAR) based on estimating noise level from LiDAR pulse echo. We first provide rigorous statistical analysis on the eigenvalue distributions of a sample covariance matrix. Then we propose an interval-bounded estimator for noise variance in high dimensional setting. To this end, an effective blind denoising filtering method for LiDAR is devised based on the adaptive estimation noise level. The estimation performance of our method has been guaranteed both theoretically and empirically. The analysis and experiment results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can reliably infer true noise levels, and outperforms the relevant existing methods.
2019, 15(6):411-414.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9024-2
Abstract:
In order to obtain good optical characteristics in the GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), different kinds of AlGaN electron blocking layers (EBL) were introduced. These were inserted coherently near the active region to limit electron leakage into the p-doped side. The research was conducted by photonic integrated circuit simulator in three-dimensional (PICS3D). The simulated results reveal that an EBL can improve the optical characteristics of a VCSEL effectively. All the advantages are due to a reduction in the electron leakage in the quantum wells. While the voltage of the five-layer EBLs LD is lower than the voltage of the seven-layer EBLs LD, the output power of the two is approximately the same, so the five-layer EBLs is the best choice for comprehensive structure analysis as the epitaxial structure can be grown more easily on it.
In order to obtain good optical characteristics in the GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), different kinds of AlGaN electron blocking layers (EBL) were introduced. These were inserted coherently near the active region to limit electron leakage into the p-doped side. The research was conducted by photonic integrated circuit simulator in three-dimensional (PICS3D). The simulated results reveal that an EBL can improve the optical characteristics of a VCSEL effectively. All the advantages are due to a reduction in the electron leakage in the quantum wells. While the voltage of the five-layer EBLs LD is lower than the voltage of the seven-layer EBLs LD, the output power of the two is approximately the same, so the five-layer EBLs is the best choice for comprehensive structure analysis as the epitaxial structure can be grown more easily on it.
2019, 15(6):415-419.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9029-x
Abstract:
The demand of present technology inviting the popularity of multivalued optical computation system to coup up with the latest scenario of ultrahigh processing speed and handling large amount of data The magnitude comparator is the heart of the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) in any logical processing and computing system. In this paper, a trinary magnitude comparator circuit has been proposed and implemented with modified trinary number (MTN) system. Optical tree architecture (OTA) of the proposed circuit has been realized reasonably using Savart plate and spatial light modulators (SLM). A simulation algorithm has also been developed and implemented to prove the authenticity of the proposed circuit through the simulation.
The demand of present technology inviting the popularity of multivalued optical computation system to coup up with the latest scenario of ultrahigh processing speed and handling large amount of data The magnitude comparator is the heart of the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) in any logical processing and computing system. In this paper, a trinary magnitude comparator circuit has been proposed and implemented with modified trinary number (MTN) system. Optical tree architecture (OTA) of the proposed circuit has been realized reasonably using Savart plate and spatial light modulators (SLM). A simulation algorithm has also been developed and implemented to prove the authenticity of the proposed circuit through the simulation.
2019, 15(6):420-423.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9068-3
Abstract:
Power-over-fiber technology provides several advantages for harsh industrial application and can potentially be widely used in electric power system. In this paper, a reliable power-over-fiber system is presented, which is able to adjust the optical power automatically corresponding to the variance of the output load. An optic-electric feedback energy management scheme is designed and experimentally verified. The static and dynamic responses of the system towards load variances are further tested. The results show that the working status of the laser can be dynamically changed according to the output load, rather than maintaining the laser at the status of high-power output, which will potentially prolong the life and enhance the reliability of the system.
Power-over-fiber technology provides several advantages for harsh industrial application and can potentially be widely used in electric power system. In this paper, a reliable power-over-fiber system is presented, which is able to adjust the optical power automatically corresponding to the variance of the output load. An optic-electric feedback energy management scheme is designed and experimentally verified. The static and dynamic responses of the system towards load variances are further tested. The results show that the working status of the laser can be dynamically changed according to the output load, rather than maintaining the laser at the status of high-power output, which will potentially prolong the life and enhance the reliability of the system.
2019, 15(6):424-427.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9012-6
Abstract:
In this work, Pr3+ was introduced into Nd3+-doped tellurite glass with composition TeO2-ZnO-Na2O-Nb2O5 to achieve broadband near-infrared emission. A broadband fluorescence emission ranging from 1 250 nm to 1 530 nm was obtained under the excitation of 808 nm LD, which is contributed by the Pr3+:1D2 →1G4 and Nd3+:4F3/2→4I13/2 transitions emitting the fluorescence located at around 1.47 µm and 1.35 µm bands, respectively. The 1.47 µm band fluorescence of Pr3+ is attributed to the energy transfer from Nd3+ to Pr3+ ions and the energy transfer mechanism was further investigated by calculating relevant micro-parameter and phonon contribution ratio. Meanwhile, the studied tellurite glass possesses good thermal stability. The present work indicates that Pr3+/Nd3+ codoped tellurite glass is an excellent gain medium for potential O+E+S-band broad optical amplifiers.
In this work, Pr3+ was introduced into Nd3+-doped tellurite glass with composition TeO2-ZnO-Na2O-Nb2O5 to achieve broadband near-infrared emission. A broadband fluorescence emission ranging from 1 250 nm to 1 530 nm was obtained under the excitation of 808 nm LD, which is contributed by the Pr3+:1D2 →1G4 and Nd3+:4F3/2→4I13/2 transitions emitting the fluorescence located at around 1.47 µm and 1.35 µm bands, respectively. The 1.47 µm band fluorescence of Pr3+ is attributed to the energy transfer from Nd3+ to Pr3+ ions and the energy transfer mechanism was further investigated by calculating relevant micro-parameter and phonon contribution ratio. Meanwhile, the studied tellurite glass possesses good thermal stability. The present work indicates that Pr3+/Nd3+ codoped tellurite glass is an excellent gain medium for potential O+E+S-band broad optical amplifiers.
2019, 15(6):428-434.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9027-z
Abstract:
A CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) thin film solar cell model with MoSe2 transition layer was established, using SCAPS-1D software. The influence of MoSe2 interface layer formed between absorption layer CIGS and the back contact Mo on the solar cell performance was investigated.By changing the doping concentration,thickness and bandgap of MoSe2 layer, it is found that the MoSe2 and the variation of parameters have a significant effect on the electrical characteristics and photovoltaic parameters of CIGS thin film solar cells. Based on the energy band, the interfaces of Mo/MoSe2 and MoSe2/CIGS are analyzed. It is considered that Mo/MoSe2 is a Schottky contact, MoSe2/CIGS is an ohmic contact. When suitable parameters of MoSe2 layer are formed into the interface, it will provide a new path for designing CIGS solar cells with thinner absorption layer.
A CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) thin film solar cell model with MoSe2 transition layer was established, using SCAPS-1D software. The influence of MoSe2 interface layer formed between absorption layer CIGS and the back contact Mo on the solar cell performance was investigated.By changing the doping concentration,thickness and bandgap of MoSe2 layer, it is found that the MoSe2 and the variation of parameters have a significant effect on the electrical characteristics and photovoltaic parameters of CIGS thin film solar cells. Based on the energy band, the interfaces of Mo/MoSe2 and MoSe2/CIGS are analyzed. It is considered that Mo/MoSe2 is a Schottky contact, MoSe2/CIGS is an ohmic contact. When suitable parameters of MoSe2 layer are formed into the interface, it will provide a new path for designing CIGS solar cells with thinner absorption layer.
SHI Si-han
,
FAN Yu
,
HE Zhi-chao
,
ZHOU Zhi-qiang
,
LIU Fang-fang
,
ZHANG Yi
,
TANG An-dong
,
SUN Yun
,
LIU Wei
2019, 15(6):435-438.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9016-2
Abstract:
An eco-friendly Zn(O,S) film with a wider band gap is emerging as one of the promising Cd-free replacement material, which can be deposited by radio frequency sputtering. The effect of sputtering pressure on the Zn(O,S) films properties and the devices performance are studied systematically. At high pressure, the ZnS phase is found in the Zn(O,S) films resulting in a higher barrier at Zn(O,S) /CIGS interface which would lead to a low recombination activation energy (Ea). By reducing sputtering pressure, single phase of Zn(O,S) films are conducive to carrier transport as well as pro- mote the films electric properties, ultimately improving the performance of Zn(O,S)/CIGS solar cells. This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.61774089, 51572132 and 61504067), and the Yang Fan Innovative & Entrepreneurial Research Team Project (No.2014YT02N037). E-mail:wwl@nankai.edu.cn
An eco-friendly Zn(O,S) film with a wider band gap is emerging as one of the promising Cd-free replacement material, which can be deposited by radio frequency sputtering. The effect of sputtering pressure on the Zn(O,S) films properties and the devices performance are studied systematically. At high pressure, the ZnS phase is found in the Zn(O,S) films resulting in a higher barrier at Zn(O,S) /CIGS interface which would lead to a low recombination activation energy (Ea). By reducing sputtering pressure, single phase of Zn(O,S) films are conducive to carrier transport as well as pro- mote the films electric properties, ultimately improving the performance of Zn(O,S)/CIGS solar cells.
2019, 15(6):439-443.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9035-z
Abstract:
This paper has demonstrated the resonance fluorescence enhancement of R6G when gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) deposited in the porous Si photonic crystal device. Both of microcavity (MC) and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with different parameters are investigated for making the photon transmission of photonic crystal device play an optimal role in enhancing fluorescence resonance. While minor changes were observed on the DBR substrates, a significant change in the intensity of enhanced fluorescence varies with the defect modes of MC substrates. Particularly, the strongest enhancement has been presented as the MC defect mode wavelength located at the maximum absorption wavelength of Au NPs. In this case, the fluorescence intensity of R6G on MC device is 2.5 times of that of R6G based on DBR device.
This paper has demonstrated the resonance fluorescence enhancement of R6G when gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) deposited in the porous Si photonic crystal device. Both of microcavity (MC) and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with different parameters are investigated for making the photon transmission of photonic crystal device play an optimal role in enhancing fluorescence resonance. While minor changes were observed on the DBR substrates, a significant change in the intensity of enhanced fluorescence varies with the defect modes of MC substrates. Particularly, the strongest enhancement has been presented as the MC defect mode wavelength located at the maximum absorption wavelength of Au NPs. In this case, the fluorescence intensity of R6G on MC device is 2.5 times of that of R6G based on DBR device.
2019, 15(6):444-448.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9053-x
Abstract:
As internet services newly emerge with diversity and complexity, great challenges and demands are presented to both IP network and optical network to support various services. Aimed to solve this problem, this paper proposes a light-weighted echo-state-network (LW-ESN) based services awareness scheme of the software defined IP and optical converged network. This LW-ESN model adopts the ring topology structure inside and generates the probability output result to determine the quality of service policy of IP and optical converged network. Moreover, the LW-ESN based service awareness engine is also designed in controller node of IP and optical converged network to perform services awareness by obtaining service traffic parameters from IP and optical layers, together with necessary working procedure. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is able to improve the services-oriented supporting ability in terms of blocking rate and delay time.
As internet services newly emerge with diversity and complexity, great challenges and demands are presented to both IP network and optical network to support various services. Aimed to solve this problem, this paper proposes a light-weighted echo-state-network (LW-ESN) based services awareness scheme of the software defined IP and optical converged network. This LW-ESN model adopts the ring topology structure inside and generates the probability output result to determine the quality of service policy of IP and optical converged network. Moreover, the LW-ESN based service awareness engine is also designed in controller node of IP and optical converged network to perform services awareness by obtaining service traffic parameters from IP and optical layers, together with necessary working procedure. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is able to improve the services-oriented supporting ability in terms of blocking rate and delay time.
2019, 15(6):449-453.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-8205-3
Abstract:
Due to the low sampling rate of the camera based receiver, the movement of communication devices becomes a factor that cannot be ignored in the demodulation of optical camera communications (OCC). In this paper, we propose the block matching demodulation (BMD) algorithm, which is a movement-robust and optical-interference-resistant demodulation method for OCC. The BMD algorithm can resist the movement of communication devices by locating communication light source per image and immunize optical interference by utilizing the fast time-varying characteristic of communication light source. Moreover, in order to enhance the reliability of communication systems, BMD algorithm and Manchester decoding are combined to realize error detection and correction without increasing the overhead of encoding. Finally, we build a practical mobile OCC system to test the performance of BMD algorithm. Experimental results show that the BMD algorithm can resist the movement of communication devices effectively and achieve reliable demodulation.
Due to the low sampling rate of the camera based receiver, the movement of communication devices becomes a factor that cannot be ignored in the demodulation of optical camera communications (OCC). In this paper, we propose the block matching demodulation (BMD) algorithm, which is a movement-robust and optical-interference-resistant demodulation method for OCC. The BMD algorithm can resist the movement of communication devices by locating communication light source per image and immunize optical interference by utilizing the fast time-varying characteristic of communication light source. Moreover, in order to enhance the reliability of communication systems, BMD algorithm and Manchester decoding are combined to realize error detection and correction without increasing the overhead of encoding. Finally, we build a practical mobile OCC system to test the performance of BMD algorithm. Experimental results show that the BMD algorithm can resist the movement of communication devices effectively and achieve reliable demodulation.
2019, 15(6):454-458.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9017-1
Abstract:
In order to suppress the effect of the temperature variation on the wavefront of the laser communication terminal, the secondary mirror support with flexure hinges is designed. The series-wound straight-circle flexure hinge is designed to achieve the maximal variation range of the flexibility or stiffness with the limit of flexure hinges’ geometrical size. The position and quantity of the flexure hinges are determined to control the deformation direction of the secondary mirror. In order to search the direction in which the wavefront aberration is minimum, the flexure hinges’ parameters are optimized with the system wavefront aberration as the optimization objective. The prototype of the laser communication terminal is constructed and the value of the wavefront aberration is measured under the condition of 20±2°C. Experimental results show that the value of the wavefront aberration root mean square (RMS) is reduced from 0.066λ to 0.042λ, meeting the requirement of RMS less than 1/20λ (λ=632.8 nm). The athermal design method presented in this paper provides a novel way for the athermal design of the small aperture mirror support in off-axis optical systems.
In order to suppress the effect of the temperature variation on the wavefront of the laser communication terminal, the secondary mirror support with flexure hinges is designed. The series-wound straight-circle flexure hinge is designed to achieve the maximal variation range of the flexibility or stiffness with the limit of flexure hinges’ geometrical size. The position and quantity of the flexure hinges are determined to control the deformation direction of the secondary mirror. In order to search the direction in which the wavefront aberration is minimum, the flexure hinges’ parameters are optimized with the system wavefront aberration as the optimization objective. The prototype of the laser communication terminal is constructed and the value of the wavefront aberration is measured under the condition of 20±2°C. Experimental results show that the value of the wavefront aberration root mean square (RMS) is reduced from 0.066λ to 0.042λ, meeting the requirement of RMS less than 1/20λ (λ=632.8 nm). The athermal design method presented in this paper provides a novel way for the athermal design of the small aperture mirror support in off-axis optical systems.
2019, 15(6):459-462.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-8204-4
Abstract:
In view of the increasing threat of massive satellites and orbital debris to space launch missions, an optimization method of ground-based optoelectronics surveillance system is proposed. Passive optical system can monitor space target at a cost-effective way. This paper analyzes the detection ability of telescope and the optical reflection characteristics of high orbital objects, combined with the motion characteristics and observation conditions of high orbital debris, and thus analyzes the detection and recognition ability of space targets by the ground optoelectronics system. In order to solve the problem of faint targets detection, the optimization principle of star image with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is demonstrated. Compared with the traditional frame difference method, the spatial targets with SNR greater than 3.10 can be identified without changing the aperture of observation equipment.
In view of the increasing threat of massive satellites and orbital debris to space launch missions, an optimization method of ground-based optoelectronics surveillance system is proposed. Passive optical system can monitor space target at a cost-effective way. This paper analyzes the detection ability of telescope and the optical reflection characteristics of high orbital objects, combined with the motion characteristics and observation conditions of high orbital debris, and thus analyzes the detection and recognition ability of space targets by the ground optoelectronics system. In order to solve the problem of faint targets detection, the optimization principle of star image with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is demonstrated. Compared with the traditional frame difference method, the spatial targets with SNR greater than 3.10 can be identified without changing the aperture of observation equipment.
2019, 15(6):463-467.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9033-1
Abstract:
Finger-vein recognition is widely applied on access control system due to the high user acceptance and convince. Improving the integrity of finger-vein is helpful for increasing the finger-vein recognition accuracy. During the process of finger-vein imaging, foreign objects may be attached on fingers, which directly affects the integrity of finger-vein images. In order to effectively extract finger-vein networks, the integrity of venous networks is still not ideal after preprocessing of finger vein images. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning based image restoration method to improve the integrity of finger-vein networks. First, a region detecting method based on adaptive threshold is presented to locate the incomplete region. Next, an encoder-decoder model is used to restore the venous networks of the finger-vein images. Then we analyze the restoration results using several different methods. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to restore the venous networks of the finger-vein images.
2019, 15(6):468-475.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-8208-0
Abstract:
In this paper, we introduce a novel feature descriptor based on deep learning that trains a model to match the patches of images on scenes captured under different viewpoints and lighting conditions for Multi-frame super-resolution. The patch matching of images capturing the same scene in varied circumstances and diverse manners is challenging. We develop a model which maps the raw image patch to a low dimensional feature vector. As our experiments show, the proposed approach is much better than state-of-the-art descriptors and can be considered as a direct replacement of SURF. The results confirm that these techniques further improve the performance of the proposed descriptor. Then we propose an improved Random Sample Consensus algorithm for removing false matching points. Finally, we show that our neural network based image descriptor for image patch matching outperforms state-of-the-art methods on a number of benchmark datasets and can be used for image registration with high quality in multi-frame super-resolution reconstruction.
In this paper, we introduce a novel feature descriptor based on deep learning that trains a model to match the patches of images on scenes captured under different viewpoints and lighting conditions for Multi-frame super-resolution. The patch matching of images capturing the same scene in varied circumstances and diverse manners is challenging. We develop a model which maps the raw image patch to a low dimensional feature vector. As our experiments show, the proposed approach is much better than state-of-the-art descriptors and can be considered as a direct replacement of SURF. The results confirm that these techniques further improve the performance of the proposed descriptor. Then we propose an improved Random Sample Consensus algorithm for removing false matching points. Finally, we show that our neural network based image descriptor for image patch matching outperforms state-of-the-art methods on a number of benchmark datasets and can be used for image registration with high quality in multi-frame super-resolution reconstruction.
WU Ji-xuan
,
WANG Qian
,
SONG Bin-bin
,
LIU Bo
,
ZHANG Hao
,
ZHANG Cheng
,
DUAN Shao-xiang
,
BAI Hua
2019, 15(6):476.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-9147-5
Abstract:
A miniature fiber-coupler-based microfluidic system is proposed for trapping of DNA biomolecules. The loop-shaped fiber-coupler is fabricated by using flame tapering technique and integrated in a microfluidic channel. Probe-DNA immobilized on the fiber-coupler surface enables specific recognition of target DNA sequences and effectively facilitates the trapping of target DNA molecules. The binding characteristics of biomolecules on the fiber-coupler surface have been theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. Experimental results indicate that the spectral response of the loop-shaped fiber coupler immobilized with probe DNA exhibits a red-shift with the trapping of the DNA biomolecules. The proposed microfluidic system possesses such desirable merits as simple structure, label-free method and high integration, which make it a promising candidate for applications in molecular biology and related bioengineering areas.
A miniature fiber-coupler-based microfluidic system is proposed for trapping of DNA biomolecules. The loop-shaped fiber-coupler is fabricated by using flame tapering technique and integrated in a microfluidic channel. Probe-DNA immobilized on the fiber-coupler surface enables specific recognition of target DNA sequences and effectively facilitates the trapping of target DNA molecules. The binding characteristics of biomolecules on the fiber-coupler surface have been theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. Experimental results indicate that the spectral response of the loop-shaped fiber coupler immobilized with probe DNA exhibits a red-shift with the trapping of the DNA biomolecules. The proposed microfluidic system possesses such desirable merits as simple structure, label-free method and high integration, which make it a promising candidate for applications in molecular biology and related bioengineering areas.
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