Volume 10,Issue 5,2014 Table of Contents
2014, 10(5):321-324.
Abstract:
Physical model, time-domain model, transmission spectra and energy transfer diagram of silicon-based micro-ring resonators based on the parallel waveguide structure are analyzed in this paper, in which transmission spectrum is obtained by Matlab, and the energy transfer process is analyzed by Rsoft. According to the analyses of the models and results, the energy transfer process in this type of resonator is clear to a great extent. The experimental results show that when the input signal is stable, the energy of the micro-ring resonator and the drop port tends to be steady after the input optical signal is coupled in the coupling region, which proves that the silicon-based micro-ring resonators can select specific optical signal if the input optical signal satisfies the resonance condition. However, if the resonance condition is not met, filtering function, optical switch function and signal selection function can be realized. Therefore, the analysis and simulation of energy transfer in silicon-based micro-ring resonators can not only enrich the silicon micro-ring resonator theory, but also provide new theoretical basis and method for the design and optimization of existing optoelectronic devices.
Physical model, time-domain model, transmission spectra and energy transfer diagram of silicon-based micro-ring resonators based on the parallel waveguide structure are analyzed in this paper, in which transmission spectrum is obtained by Matlab, and the energy transfer process is analyzed by Rsoft. According to the analyses of the models and results, the energy transfer process in this type of resonator is clear to a great extent. The experimental results show that when the input signal is stable, the energy of the micro-ring resonator and the drop port tends to be steady after the input optical signal is coupled in the coupling region, which proves that the silicon-based micro-ring resonators can select specific optical signal if the input optical signal satisfies the resonance condition. However, if the resonance condition is not met, filtering function, optical switch function and signal selection function can be realized. Therefore, the analysis and simulation of energy transfer in silicon-based micro-ring resonators can not only enrich the silicon micro-ring resonator theory, but also provide new theoretical basis and method for the design and optimization of existing optoelectronic devices.
2014, 10(5):325-328.
Abstract:
We design a compact terahertz (THz) polarization beam splitter. Both plane wave expansion method and finite-difference time-domain method are used to calculate and analyze the characteristics of the proposed device. The designed polarization beam splitter can split TE-polarized and TM-polarized THz waves into different propagation directions. The simulation results show that the extinction ratios are larger than 18.36 dB for TE polarization and 13.35 dB for TM polarization in the frequency range from 1.86 THz to 1.91 THz, respectively. The designed polarization beam splitter has the advantages of small size and compact structure with a total size of 4.825 mm×0.400 mm.
We design a compact terahertz (THz) polarization beam splitter. Both plane wave expansion method and finite-difference time-domain method are used to calculate and analyze the characteristics of the proposed device. The designed polarization beam splitter can split TE-polarized and TM-polarized THz waves into different propagation directions. The simulation results show that the extinction ratios are larger than 18.36 dB for TE polarization and 13.35 dB for TM polarization in the frequency range from 1.86 THz to 1.91 THz, respectively. The designed polarization beam splitter has the advantages of small size and compact structure with a total size of 4.825 mm×0.400 mm.
2014, 10(5):329-331.
Abstract:
A novel two-stage spectral compression structure which employs a logarithmic dispersion increasing fiber (DIF) interconnected with a highly nonlinear linear fiber-nonlinear optical loop mirror (HNLF-NOLM) is proposed and demonstrated by numerical simulation. The numerical simulation is implemented by solving the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation using split-step Fourier method, where the soliton number is in the range of 0.5≤N≤1.4. The results show that the spectra are well-compressed and low-pedestal, and the maximum spectral compression ratio (SCR) can reach 10.93 when N=1.4.
A novel two-stage spectral compression structure which employs a logarithmic dispersion increasing fiber (DIF) interconnected with a highly nonlinear linear fiber-nonlinear optical loop mirror (HNLF-NOLM) is proposed and demonstrated by numerical simulation. The numerical simulation is implemented by solving the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation using split-step Fourier method, where the soliton number is in the range of 0.5≤N≤1.4. The results show that the spectra are well-compressed and low-pedestal, and the maximum spectral compression ratio (SCR) can reach 10.93 when N=1.4.
2014, 10(5):332-334.
Abstract:
We report for the first time, to our knowledge, the diode-pumped continuous-wave (CW) thin-disk Yb3+-doped Lu2O3 (Yb:LO) laser at 1 034 nm and the second-harmonic generation at 517 nm. With a 6.3% output coupler, the maximum output power is 1.17 W under a pump power of 18.5 W. Moreover, the intracavity second-harmonic generation (SHG) is also achieved with power of 193 mW at 517 nm by using an LiB3O5 (LBO) nonlinear crystal. The beam quality factor M 2 is about 1.28. The fluctuation of the output power is about 3% in 1 h.
We report for the first time, to our knowledge, the diode-pumped continuous-wave (CW) thin-disk Yb3+-doped Lu2O3 (Yb:LO) laser at 1 034 nm and the second-harmonic generation at 517 nm. With a 6.3% output coupler, the maximum output power is 1.17 W under a pump power of 18.5 W. Moreover, the intracavity second-harmonic generation (SHG) is also achieved with power of 193 mW at 517 nm by using an LiB3O5 (LBO) nonlinear crystal. The beam quality factor M 2 is about 1.28. The fluctuation of the output power is about 3% in 1 h.
2014, 10(5):335-339.
Abstract:
A design method for light-emitting diode (LED) array is proposed to achieve a good uniform illumination distribution on target plane. By using random walk algorithm, the basic LED array modules are optimized firstly. The optimized basic arrays can generate uniform illumination distribution on their target plane. The optimized basic LED array modules can be integrated into a large LED array module with more than tens of LEDs. In the large array, we can select a sub-array with K LEDs (K>7), which can produce the good uniform illumination distribution. By this way, we design two LED arrays which consist of 21 and 25 LEDs, respectively. The 21-LED array and 25-LED array can generate uniform illumination distributions with the uniformities of 95% and 90%, respectively.
A design method for light-emitting diode (LED) array is proposed to achieve a good uniform illumination distribution on target plane. By using random walk algorithm, the basic LED array modules are optimized firstly. The optimized basic arrays can generate uniform illumination distribution on their target plane. The optimized basic LED array modules can be integrated into a large LED array module with more than tens of LEDs. In the large array, we can select a sub-array with K LEDs (K>7), which can produce the good uniform illumination distribution. By this way, we design two LED arrays which consist of 21 and 25 LEDs, respectively. The 21-LED array and 25-LED array can generate uniform illumination distributions with the uniformities of 95% and 90%, respectively.
2014, 10(5):340-342.
Abstract:
In this paper, the silver nanoparticle ink and ink-jet printing technology are used to manufacture the surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters. The characteristics of three common substrate piezoelectric materials of ST-quartz, Y36°-LiTaO3 and Y128°-LiNbO3 are evaluated. The experimental results show that Y128°-LiNbO3 matches the ink much better than others. The printed SAW filter with Y128°-LiNbO3 as piezoelectric substrate is realized, and its center frequency and bandwidth are 18.4 MHz and 500 kHz, respectively.
In this paper, the silver nanoparticle ink and ink-jet printing technology are used to manufacture the surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters. The characteristics of three common substrate piezoelectric materials of ST-quartz, Y36°-LiTaO3 and Y128°-LiNbO3 are evaluated. The experimental results show that Y128°-LiNbO3 matches the ink much better than others. The printed SAW filter with Y128°-LiNbO3 as piezoelectric substrate is realized, and its center frequency and bandwidth are 18.4 MHz and 500 kHz, respectively.
2014, 10(5):343-346.
Abstract:
A solid-solution-phase Ba1.75Ca1.25MgSi2O8: Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphor in the photosynthetic action spectrum with dual band emissions at 438 nm and 660 nm is fabricated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the presence of the solid-solution phase. With the supporting information from the diffuse reflection spectrum, a feasible way to obtain higher energy-transfer (ET) efficiency is attained, and the ET efficiency of Eu2+-Mn2+ is enhanced to 76%. The mechanism of this enhancement is owing to variation of the solid solution composition of Ca3MgSi2O8 and Ba3MgSi2O8, which contributes to the extension of the critical distance. Temperature-dependent results show an enhancement which is attributed to Ca. These enhancements show great promise for improving eco-lighting devices.
A solid-solution-phase Ba1.75Ca1.25MgSi2O8: Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphor in the photosynthetic action spectrum with dual band emissions at 438 nm and 660 nm is fabricated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the presence of the solid-solution phase. With the supporting information from the diffuse reflection spectrum, a feasible way to obtain higher energy-transfer (ET) efficiency is attained, and the ET efficiency of Eu2+-Mn2+ is enhanced to 76%. The mechanism of this enhancement is owing to variation of the solid solution composition of Ca3MgSi2O8 and Ba3MgSi2O8, which contributes to the extension of the critical distance. Temperature-dependent results show an enhancement which is attributed to Ca. These enhancements show great promise for improving eco-lighting devices.
2014, 10(5):347-351.
Abstract:
2014, 10(5):352-355.
Abstract:
In order to mitigate atmospheric turbulence, the free space optical (FSO) system model with spatial diversity is analyzed based on intensity detection pulse position modulation (PPM) in the weak turbulence atmosphere. The slot error rate (SER) calculating formula of the system without diversity is derived under pulse position modulation firstly. Then as a benchmark, independent of identical distribution, the average slot error rates of the three linear combining technologies, which are the maximal ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC) and selection combining (SelC), are compared. Simulation results show that the performance of system is the best improved by MRC, followed by EGC, and is poor by SelC, but SelC is simpler and more convenient. Spatial diversity is efficient to improve the performance and has strong ability on resistance to atmospheric channel decline. The above scheme is more suitable for optical wireless communication systems.
In order to mitigate atmospheric turbulence, the free space optical (FSO) system model with spatial diversity is analyzed based on intensity detection pulse position modulation (PPM) in the weak turbulence atmosphere. The slot error rate (SER) calculating formula of the system without diversity is derived under pulse position modulation firstly. Then as a benchmark, independent of identical distribution, the average slot error rates of the three linear combining technologies, which are the maximal ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC) and selection combining (SelC), are compared. Simulation results show that the performance of system is the best improved by MRC, followed by EGC, and is poor by SelC, but SelC is simpler and more convenient. Spatial diversity is efficient to improve the performance and has strong ability on resistance to atmospheric channel decline. The above scheme is more suitable for optical wireless communication systems.
2014, 10(5):356-359.
Abstract:
In this paper, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal is reduced by combining the discrete cosine transform (DCT) with clipping in optical intensity-modulated direct-detection (IM/DD) OFDM systems. First, the data are transformed into new modified data by DCT. Second, the proposed scheme utilizes the clipping technique to further reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. We experimentally demonstrate that the optical OFDM transmission system with this proposed scheme can achieve significant performance improvement in terms of PAPR and bit error rate (BER) compared with the original optical OFDM systems.
In this paper, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal is reduced by combining the discrete cosine transform (DCT) with clipping in optical intensity-modulated direct-detection (IM/DD) OFDM systems. First, the data are transformed into new modified data by DCT. Second, the proposed scheme utilizes the clipping technique to further reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. We experimentally demonstrate that the optical OFDM transmission system with this proposed scheme can achieve significant performance improvement in terms of PAPR and bit error rate (BER) compared with the original optical OFDM systems.
2014, 10(5):360-364.
Abstract:
A new kind of variable-length codes with good correlation properties for the multirate asynchronous optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) multimedia networks is proposed, called non-repetition interval (NRI) codes. The NRI codes can be constructed by structuring the interval-sets with no repetition, and the code length depends on the number of users and the code weight. According to the structural characteristics of NRI codes, the formula of bit error rate (BER) is derived. Compared with other variable-length codes, the NRI codes have lower BER. A multirate OCDMA multimedia simulation system is designed and built, the longer codes are assigned to the users who need slow speed, while the shorter codes are assigned to the users who need high speed. It can be obtained by analyzing the eye diagram that the user with slower speed has lower BER, and the conclusion is the same as the actual demand in multimedia data transport.
A new kind of variable-length codes with good correlation properties for the multirate asynchronous optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) multimedia networks is proposed, called non-repetition interval (NRI) codes. The NRI codes can be constructed by structuring the interval-sets with no repetition, and the code length depends on the number of users and the code weight. According to the structural characteristics of NRI codes, the formula of bit error rate (BER) is derived. Compared with other variable-length codes, the NRI codes have lower BER. A multirate OCDMA multimedia simulation system is designed and built, the longer codes are assigned to the users who need slow speed, while the shorter codes are assigned to the users who need high speed. It can be obtained by analyzing the eye diagram that the user with slower speed has lower BER, and the conclusion is the same as the actual demand in multimedia data transport.
2014, 10(5):365-368.
Abstract:
Considering that the collision caused by hidden terminal is particularly serious due to the narrow beams of optical devices, the multi-packet reception (MPR) is introduced to mitigate the collisions for IEEE 802.15.7 visible light communication (VLC) system. To explore the impact of MPR on system performance and investigate the interaction between physical (PHY) layer and media access control (MAC) layer, a three dimensional (3D) integrated PHY-MAC analytical model of carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is established based on Markov chain theory for VLC system, in which MPR is implemented through the use of orthogonal code sequence. Throughput is derived to evaluate the performance of VLC system with MPR capability under imperfect optical channel. The results can be used for the performance optimization of a VLC system with MPR capability.
Considering that the collision caused by hidden terminal is particularly serious due to the narrow beams of optical devices, the multi-packet reception (MPR) is introduced to mitigate the collisions for IEEE 802.15.7 visible light communication (VLC) system. To explore the impact of MPR on system performance and investigate the interaction between physical (PHY) layer and media access control (MAC) layer, a three dimensional (3D) integrated PHY-MAC analytical model of carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is established based on Markov chain theory for VLC system, in which MPR is implemented through the use of orthogonal code sequence. Throughput is derived to evaluate the performance of VLC system with MPR capability under imperfect optical channel. The results can be used for the performance optimization of a VLC system with MPR capability.
2014, 10(5):369-373.
Abstract:
An optical fiber control and transmission module is designed and realized based on Virtex-7 field programmable gata array (FPGA), which can be applied in multi-channel broadband digital receivers. The module consists of sampling data transfer submodule and multi-channel synchronous sampling control submodule. The sampling data transmission in 4× fiber link channel is realized with the self-defined transfer protocol. The measured maximum data rate is 4.97 Gbyte/s. By connecting coherent clocks to the transmitter and receiver endpoints and using the self-defined transfer protocol, multi-channel sampling control signals transferred in optical fibers can be received synchronously by each analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with high accuracy and strong anti-interference ability. The module designed in this paper has certain reference value in increasing the transmission bandwidth and the synchronous sampling accuracy of multi-channel broadband digital receivers.
An optical fiber control and transmission module is designed and realized based on Virtex-7 field programmable gata array (FPGA), which can be applied in multi-channel broadband digital receivers. The module consists of sampling data transfer submodule and multi-channel synchronous sampling control submodule. The sampling data transmission in 4× fiber link channel is realized with the self-defined transfer protocol. The measured maximum data rate is 4.97 Gbyte/s. By connecting coherent clocks to the transmitter and receiver endpoints and using the self-defined transfer protocol, multi-channel sampling control signals transferred in optical fibers can be received synchronously by each analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with high accuracy and strong anti-interference ability. The module designed in this paper has certain reference value in increasing the transmission bandwidth and the synchronous sampling accuracy of multi-channel broadband digital receivers.
2014, 10(5):374-377.
Abstract:
A novel photonic technique for instantaneous microwave frequency measurement based on hybrid microwave photonic filter (HMPF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The HMPF is composed of an all-pass filter and a band-pass filter with negative coefficients. By properly controlling the power relationship between the all-pass filter and the band-pass filter, the HMPF can realize a monotonic frequency response, and then a unique relationship between the output power and the input frequency is established. A high measurement resolution can be achieved for a given frequency range.
A novel photonic technique for instantaneous microwave frequency measurement based on hybrid microwave photonic filter (HMPF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The HMPF is composed of an all-pass filter and a band-pass filter with negative coefficients. By properly controlling the power relationship between the all-pass filter and the band-pass filter, the HMPF can realize a monotonic frequency response, and then a unique relationship between the output power and the input frequency is established. A high measurement resolution can be achieved for a given frequency range.
2014, 10(5):378-382.
Abstract:
A high-precision vision detection and measurement system using mobile robot is established for the industry field detection of motorcycle frame hole and its diameter measurement. The robot path planning method is researched, and the non-contact measurement method with high precision based on visual digital image edge extraction and hole spatial circle fitting is presented. The Canny operator is used to extract the edge of captured image, the Lagrange interpolation algorithm is utilized to determine the missing image edge points and calculate the centroid, and the least squares fitting method is adopted to fit the image edge points. Experimental results show that the system can be used for the high-precision real-time measurement of hole on motorcycle frame. The absolute standard deviation of the proposed method is 0.026 7 mm. The proposed method can not only improve the measurement speed and precision, but also reduce the measurement error.
A high-precision vision detection and measurement system using mobile robot is established for the industry field detection of motorcycle frame hole and its diameter measurement. The robot path planning method is researched, and the non-contact measurement method with high precision based on visual digital image edge extraction and hole spatial circle fitting is presented. The Canny operator is used to extract the edge of captured image, the Lagrange interpolation algorithm is utilized to determine the missing image edge points and calculate the centroid, and the least squares fitting method is adopted to fit the image edge points. Experimental results show that the system can be used for the high-precision real-time measurement of hole on motorcycle frame. The absolute standard deviation of the proposed method is 0.026 7 mm. The proposed method can not only improve the measurement speed and precision, but also reduce the measurement error.
2014, 10(5):383-386.
Abstract:
Due to the encephalic tissues are highly irregular, three-dimensional (3D) modeling of brain always leads to complicated computing. In this paper, we explore an efficient method for brain surface reconstruction from magnetic resonance (MR) images of head, which is helpful to surgery planning and tumor localization. A heuristic algorithm is proposed for surface triangle mesh generation with preserved features, and the diagonal length is regarded as the heuristic information to optimize the shape of triangle. The experimental results show that our approach not only reduces the computational complexity, but also completes 3D visualization with good quality.
Due to the encephalic tissues are highly irregular, three-dimensional (3D) modeling of brain always leads to complicated computing. In this paper, we explore an efficient method for brain surface reconstruction from magnetic resonance (MR) images of head, which is helpful to surgery planning and tumor localization. A heuristic algorithm is proposed for surface triangle mesh generation with preserved features, and the diagonal length is regarded as the heuristic information to optimize the shape of triangle. The experimental results show that our approach not only reduces the computational complexity, but also completes 3D visualization with good quality.
2014, 10(5):387-390.
Abstract:
Generalized morphological operator can generate less statistical bias in the output than classical morphological operator. Comprehensive utilization of spectral and spatial information of pixels, an endmember extraction algorithm based on generalized morphology is proposed. For the limitations of morphological operator in the pixel arrangement rule and replacement criteria, the reference pixel is introduced. In order to avoid the cross substitution phenomenon at the boundary of different object categories in the image, an endmember is extracted by calculating the generalized opening-closing (GOC) operator which uses the modified energy function as a distance measure. The algorithm is verified by using simulated data and real data. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can extract endmember automatically without prior knowledge and achieve relatively high extraction accuracy.
Generalized morphological operator can generate less statistical bias in the output than classical morphological operator. Comprehensive utilization of spectral and spatial information of pixels, an endmember extraction algorithm based on generalized morphology is proposed. For the limitations of morphological operator in the pixel arrangement rule and replacement criteria, the reference pixel is introduced. In order to avoid the cross substitution phenomenon at the boundary of different object categories in the image, an endmember is extracted by calculating the generalized opening-closing (GOC) operator which uses the modified energy function as a distance measure. The algorithm is verified by using simulated data and real data. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can extract endmember automatically without prior knowledge and achieve relatively high extraction accuracy.
2014, 10(5):391-394.
Abstract:
In this paper, we report the discrimination of the viability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) with photo-induced delayed luminescence (DL). We measure the DL decay kinetics of hUC-MSCs using an ultraweak luminescence detection system, and find the significant difference in the weight distributions of the decay rate for hUC-MSCs with high and low viabilities. Spectral discrimination of hUC-MSCs with high and low viabilities is thus carried out by comparing the DL kinetics parameters, including the initial intensity, the peak decay rate and the peak weight value. Our results show that the novel optical method for the viability diagnosis of hUC-MSCs has a promising prospect.
In this paper, we report the discrimination of the viability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) with photo-induced delayed luminescence (DL). We measure the DL decay kinetics of hUC-MSCs using an ultraweak luminescence detection system, and find the significant difference in the weight distributions of the decay rate for hUC-MSCs with high and low viabilities. Spectral discrimination of hUC-MSCs with high and low viabilities is thus carried out by comparing the DL kinetics parameters, including the initial intensity, the peak decay rate and the peak weight value. Our results show that the novel optical method for the viability diagnosis of hUC-MSCs has a promising prospect.
2014, 10(5):395-400.
Abstract:
By introducing multiple defect layers in one dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC), the broadband slow light with low dispersion is obtained. The slow light pass band is smoothed by adjusting the spacing and the number of cavities. In the optimized structure, the bandwidth is 8.556 1 nm with flatness below 8.805 2×10?4, the group velocity is in the range from 0.029c to 0.042 4c, and the group velocity dispersion (GVD) parameter D is in the range from ?14.410 3 ps/(mm·nm) to 15.124 ps/(mm·nm). Moreover, by material optimization, the slow light properties can be improved further. With suitable materials, the slow light pass band can be broadened to 20.057 8 nm with flatness of 5.4×10?3, and the GVD parameter D decreases to the range from ?4.657 8 ps/(mm·nm) to 4.790 4 ps/(mm·nm).
By introducing multiple defect layers in one dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC), the broadband slow light with low dispersion is obtained. The slow light pass band is smoothed by adjusting the spacing and the number of cavities. In the optimized structure, the bandwidth is 8.556 1 nm with flatness below 8.805 2×10?4, the group velocity is in the range from 0.029c to 0.042 4c, and the group velocity dispersion (GVD) parameter D is in the range from ?14.410 3 ps/(mm·nm) to 15.124 ps/(mm·nm). Moreover, by material optimization, the slow light properties can be improved further. With suitable materials, the slow light pass band can be broadened to 20.057 8 nm with flatness of 5.4×10?3, and the GVD parameter D decreases to the range from ?4.657 8 ps/(mm·nm) to 4.790 4 ps/(mm·nm).
2014, 10(5):F0003-F0003.
Abstract:
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