Volume 9,Issue 3,2013 Table of Contents
2013, 9(3):161-164.
Abstract:
We propose a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) triplet signal source based on the cross-gain modulation (XGM) in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). In the proposed scheme, only an optical source and two SOAs are needed, so the all-optical structure is compact. A triplet optical pulse with center frequency of 6.25 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 83% is obtained by the scheme. The extinction ratio can be improved by the counter-propagating scheme. The triplet pulse signal with only one wavelength can be easily controlled, and can aviod the dispersion effect. The output triplet pulse signal is insensitive to the light wavelength shifts, its available wavelength range is wide, the dynamic range of the input power is more than 6 dBm, and the bias current of the SOAs is exhibited.
We propose a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) triplet signal source based on the cross-gain modulation (XGM) in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). In the proposed scheme, only an optical source and two SOAs are needed, so the all-optical structure is compact. A triplet optical pulse with center frequency of 6.25 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 83% is obtained by the scheme. The extinction ratio can be improved by the counter-propagating scheme. The triplet pulse signal with only one wavelength can be easily controlled, and can aviod the dispersion effect. The output triplet pulse signal is insensitive to the light wavelength shifts, its available wavelength range is wide, the dynamic range of the input power is more than 6 dBm, and the bias current of the SOAs is exhibited.
2013, 9(3):165-168.
Abstract:
A cascaded filter combining active and passive filters is proposed. The active filter acts as a low-coherence infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filter and achieves a sharp frequency response. The low-coherence IIR filter is realized by employing the cross-gain modulation (XGM) of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectrum of the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The passive filter is an n-section unbalance Mach-Zehnder (UMZ) structure, which is used to increase free spectral range (FSR) and Q factor further. The low-coherence IIR filter cascaded with one section of UMZ passive filter is experimentally demonstrated, and a Q factor of 1268 is obtained.
A cascaded filter combining active and passive filters is proposed. The active filter acts as a low-coherence infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filter and achieves a sharp frequency response. The low-coherence IIR filter is realized by employing the cross-gain modulation (XGM) of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectrum of the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The passive filter is an n-section unbalance Mach-Zehnder (UMZ) structure, which is used to increase free spectral range (FSR) and Q factor further. The low-coherence IIR filter cascaded with one section of UMZ passive filter is experimentally demonstrated, and a Q factor of 1268 is obtained.
2013, 9(3):169-172.
Abstract:
To ameliorate the disadvantages of imaging system coupled with imaging fiber bundle, a method by adding square aperture microlens arrays at both entrance and exit ends of the imaging fiber bundle is proposed to increase the system’s coupling efficiency. The expressions for solving the parameters of both ends’ microlens units are deducted particularly. The microlens arrays used for an infrared imaging fiber bundle with the single fiber diameter of 100 μm and core diameter of 70 μm are designed by this method. The simulation results show that compared with the system without microlens arrays, the fill factor of the imaging fiber bundle coupled microlens arrays system is increased from 44.4% to more than 90%, and the coupling efficiency is doubled too. So the design method is correct, and the introduction of microlens arrays into imaging fiber bundle coupled system is feasible and superior.
To ameliorate the disadvantages of imaging system coupled with imaging fiber bundle, a method by adding square aperture microlens arrays at both entrance and exit ends of the imaging fiber bundle is proposed to increase the system’s coupling efficiency. The expressions for solving the parameters of both ends’ microlens units are deducted particularly. The microlens arrays used for an infrared imaging fiber bundle with the single fiber diameter of 100 μm and core diameter of 70 μm are designed by this method. The simulation results show that compared with the system without microlens arrays, the fill factor of the imaging fiber bundle coupled microlens arrays system is increased from 44.4% to more than 90%, and the coupling efficiency is doubled too. So the design method is correct, and the introduction of microlens arrays into imaging fiber bundle coupled system is feasible and superior.
2013, 9(3):173-176.
Abstract:
A nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) constructed with linear dispersion decreasing fiber (DDF) is used to compress a beat signal. Several factors impacting on quality of output pulse in this compression system, such as dispersion slope of DDF, power-splitting ratio, incident pulse shape and peak power, are analyzed numerically. The new method for selecting device characteristics is adopted to enable both good pedestal suppression and pulse compression. As a result, the output pulse train with tunable and high repetition rate, pedestal energy of 5.09%, compression ratio of 25.6 and energy transmissivity of 50.56% is obtained by using 0.524 km-long DDF with dispersion slope of 26 ps2/km2 and a coupler with power-splitting ratio of 0.54.
A nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) constructed with linear dispersion decreasing fiber (DDF) is used to compress a beat signal. Several factors impacting on quality of output pulse in this compression system, such as dispersion slope of DDF, power-splitting ratio, incident pulse shape and peak power, are analyzed numerically. The new method for selecting device characteristics is adopted to enable both good pedestal suppression and pulse compression. As a result, the output pulse train with tunable and high repetition rate, pedestal energy of 5.09%, compression ratio of 25.6 and energy transmissivity of 50.56% is obtained by using 0.524 km-long DDF with dispersion slope of 26 ps2/km2 and a coupler with power-splitting ratio of 0.54.
2013, 9(3):177-180.
Abstract:
An ultra-thin film photovoltaic cell, which incorporates an Al x In1?x As/GaAs heterojunction, is simulated using Adept 1D simulation tool, and it is with an energy conversion efficiency of 20.06% (under 1 sun, AM1.5G illumination) for 604 nm cell thickness (excluding the substrate thickness), and optimized layer thickness and doping concentration for each layer of the device. The device has an n-type AlAs window layer (highly doped), an n-type Al x In1?x As emitter layer and a p-type GaAs base layer. Germanium (Ge) substrate is used for the structure. The device parameters are optimized separately for each layer. Based on these optimizations, the ultra-thin film solar cell design is proposed after careful consideration of lattice mismatch between two adjacent layers of the device.
An ultra-thin film photovoltaic cell, which incorporates an Al x In1?x As/GaAs heterojunction, is simulated using Adept 1D simulation tool, and it is with an energy conversion efficiency of 20.06% (under 1 sun, AM1.5G illumination) for 604 nm cell thickness (excluding the substrate thickness), and optimized layer thickness and doping concentration for each layer of the device. The device has an n-type AlAs window layer (highly doped), an n-type Al x In1?x As emitter layer and a p-type GaAs base layer. Germanium (Ge) substrate is used for the structure. The device parameters are optimized separately for each layer. Based on these optimizations, the ultra-thin film solar cell design is proposed after careful consideration of lattice mismatch between two adjacent layers of the device.
2013, 9(3):181-184.
Abstract:
An all-optical logic AND gate based on two-photon absorption (TPA) in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is simulated. By solving the rate equations of SOA in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), the performance of AND gate is numerically investigated. The model takes the effects of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and pulse energy on the system’s quality factor (Q-factor) into account. Results show that the all-optical AND gate based on TPA in SOA-MZI based structure is feasible at 250 Gbit/s with a proper Q-factor.
An all-optical logic AND gate based on two-photon absorption (TPA) in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is simulated. By solving the rate equations of SOA in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), the performance of AND gate is numerically investigated. The model takes the effects of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and pulse energy on the system’s quality factor (Q-factor) into account. Results show that the all-optical AND gate based on TPA in SOA-MZI based structure is feasible at 250 Gbit/s with a proper Q-factor.
2013, 9(3):185-188.
Abstract:
In order to improve the performance of optical wavelength-selective switches based on double micro-ring resonators, an asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum wells (AICD-SQWs) structure is utilized as the active light guiding medium. The AICD-SQW active layer has advantages, such as large change range in absorption coefficient, high extinction ratio, large Stark shift and very low insertion. For predicting the switching characteristics of double ring resonators structure, the absorption coefficient and real refractive index changes of the AICD-SQW active layer are calculated for different applied electric fields for TE input light polarization. Simulation results show that switching characteristics strongly depend on changes in absorption coefficient and real refractive index of active layer. In addition, isolations of 37.44 dB and 26.84 dB are realized between drop and through ports, when drop and through ports are ON and OFF, respectively, and vice versa.
In order to improve the performance of optical wavelength-selective switches based on double micro-ring resonators, an asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum wells (AICD-SQWs) structure is utilized as the active light guiding medium. The AICD-SQW active layer has advantages, such as large change range in absorption coefficient, high extinction ratio, large Stark shift and very low insertion. For predicting the switching characteristics of double ring resonators structure, the absorption coefficient and real refractive index changes of the AICD-SQW active layer are calculated for different applied electric fields for TE input light polarization. Simulation results show that switching characteristics strongly depend on changes in absorption coefficient and real refractive index of active layer. In addition, isolations of 37.44 dB and 26.84 dB are realized between drop and through ports, when drop and through ports are ON and OFF, respectively, and vice versa.
2013, 9(3):189-193.
Abstract:
Diamond films are deposited on porous Ti substrates by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method. For adjusting the residual stress of substrate and the titanium carbide (TiC) intermediate layer, the substrates are under annealing process firstly, then are put into alkaline solution with electricity oxidation, and finally composite membranes are obtained by HFCVD, which are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), metalloscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results show that the composite membranes deposited on unannealed substrates are cracked obviously in both sides and broken off easily. After annealing process, the membranes are no longer cracked easily, because the tensile stress distributed in substrates is significantly relieved. After passivation process, TiC generated between diamond film and substrate is less than that without passivation process.
Diamond films are deposited on porous Ti substrates by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method. For adjusting the residual stress of substrate and the titanium carbide (TiC) intermediate layer, the substrates are under annealing process firstly, then are put into alkaline solution with electricity oxidation, and finally composite membranes are obtained by HFCVD, which are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), metalloscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results show that the composite membranes deposited on unannealed substrates are cracked obviously in both sides and broken off easily. After annealing process, the membranes are no longer cracked easily, because the tensile stress distributed in substrates is significantly relieved. After passivation process, TiC generated between diamond film and substrate is less than that without passivation process.
2013, 9(3):194-197.
Abstract:
A series of Ce3+, Tb3+ or Ce3+/Tb3+ doped YAl3(BO3)4 phosphors are synthesized by a high temperature solid-state reaction, and their luminescent properties are investigated. YAl3(BO3)4:Ce3+ shows a broad emission band at 422 nm under the 367 nm radiation excitation. YAl3(BO3)4:Tb3+ can be efficiently excited by the ultraviolet (UV) light, and produces green emission. The emission intensity of YAl3(BO3)4:Tb3+ can be enhanced by adjusting Tb3+ doped content, and reaches the maximum at 0.06 mol Tb3+. When Ce3+ is codoped, the emission intensity of Tb3+ in YAl3(BO3)4 can be enhanced, but the commission international del’eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of YAl3(BO3)4:Tb3+ have almost no change. Moreover, the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ in YAl3(BO3)4 is studied.
A series of Ce3+, Tb3+ or Ce3+/Tb3+ doped YAl3(BO3)4 phosphors are synthesized by a high temperature solid-state reaction, and their luminescent properties are investigated. YAl3(BO3)4:Ce3+ shows a broad emission band at 422 nm under the 367 nm radiation excitation. YAl3(BO3)4:Tb3+ can be efficiently excited by the ultraviolet (UV) light, and produces green emission. The emission intensity of YAl3(BO3)4:Tb3+ can be enhanced by adjusting Tb3+ doped content, and reaches the maximum at 0.06 mol Tb3+. When Ce3+ is codoped, the emission intensity of Tb3+ in YAl3(BO3)4 can be enhanced, but the commission international del’eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of YAl3(BO3)4:Tb3+ have almost no change. Moreover, the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ in YAl3(BO3)4 is studied.
2013, 9(3):198-200.
Abstract:
Niobium-doped indium tin oxide (ITO:Nb) thin films are prepared on glass substrates with various film thicknesses by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering from one piece of ceramic target material. The effects of thickness (60–360 nm) on the structural, electrical and optical properties of ITO: Nb films are investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, and electrical measurements. XRD patterns show the highly oriented (400) direction. The lowest resistivity of the films without any heat treatment is 3.1×10?4Ω·cm?1, and the resistivity decreases with the increase of substrate temperature. The highest Hall mobility and carrier concentration are 17.6 N·S and 1.36×1021 cm?3, respectively. Band gap energy of the films depends on substrate temperature, which varies from 3.48 eV to 3.62 eV.
Niobium-doped indium tin oxide (ITO:Nb) thin films are prepared on glass substrates with various film thicknesses by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering from one piece of ceramic target material. The effects of thickness (60–360 nm) on the structural, electrical and optical properties of ITO: Nb films are investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, and electrical measurements. XRD patterns show the highly oriented (400) direction. The lowest resistivity of the films without any heat treatment is 3.1×10?4Ω·cm?1, and the resistivity decreases with the increase of substrate temperature. The highest Hall mobility and carrier concentration are 17.6 N·S and 1.36×1021 cm?3, respectively. Band gap energy of the films depends on substrate temperature, which varies from 3.48 eV to 3.62 eV.
Xing-tao Zhao
,
Yi Zheng
,
Xiao-xu Liu
,
Shu-guang Li
,
Ying Han
,
Zhi-yun Hou
,
Na Wang
,
Lan-tian Hou
2013, 9(3):201-203.
Abstract:
The various mode effective indices of the doped photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are compared, the mode field distributions of the fundamental mode and the second-order mode are analyzed, and the single-mode condition is presented. The mode effective indices of large-core doped PCFs with different core indices and structure parameters are simulated by the finite element method (FEM). The relations of the core index with the fiber structure parameters of pitch, hole-to-pitch ratio and core diameter are obtained for single-mode propagation. In the design and fabrication of the doped PCF, we can adjust the core index and fiber structure parameters to achieve large mode area and single-mode propagation.
The various mode effective indices of the doped photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are compared, the mode field distributions of the fundamental mode and the second-order mode are analyzed, and the single-mode condition is presented. The mode effective indices of large-core doped PCFs with different core indices and structure parameters are simulated by the finite element method (FEM). The relations of the core index with the fiber structure parameters of pitch, hole-to-pitch ratio and core diameter are obtained for single-mode propagation. In the design and fabrication of the doped PCF, we can adjust the core index and fiber structure parameters to achieve large mode area and single-mode propagation.
2013, 9(3):204-207.
Abstract:
A novel construction method of the check matrix for the regular low density parity check (LDPC) code is proposed. The novel regular systematically constructed Gallager (SCG)-LDPC(3969,3720) code with the code rate of 93.7% and the redundancy of 6.69% is constructed. The simulation results show that the net coding gain (NCG) and the distance from the Shannon limit of the novel SCG-LDPC(3969,3720) code can respectively be improved by about 1.93 dB and 0.98 dB at the bit error rate (BER) of 10?8, compared with those of the classic RS(255,239) code in ITU-T G.975 recommendation and the LDPC(32640,30592) code in ITU-T G.975.1 recommendation with the same code rate of 93.7% and the same redundancy of 6.69%. Therefore, the proposed novel regular SCG-LDPC(3969,3720) code has excellent performance, and is more suitable for high-speed long-haul optical transmission systems.
A novel construction method of the check matrix for the regular low density parity check (LDPC) code is proposed. The novel regular systematically constructed Gallager (SCG)-LDPC(3969,3720) code with the code rate of 93.7% and the redundancy of 6.69% is constructed. The simulation results show that the net coding gain (NCG) and the distance from the Shannon limit of the novel SCG-LDPC(3969,3720) code can respectively be improved by about 1.93 dB and 0.98 dB at the bit error rate (BER) of 10?8, compared with those of the classic RS(255,239) code in ITU-T G.975 recommendation and the LDPC(32640,30592) code in ITU-T G.975.1 recommendation with the same code rate of 93.7% and the same redundancy of 6.69%. Therefore, the proposed novel regular SCG-LDPC(3969,3720) code has excellent performance, and is more suitable for high-speed long-haul optical transmission systems.
2013, 9(3):208-212.
Abstract:
In this paper, the multi-channel access technology of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the wireless ultraviolet (UV) scattering communication is studied. A multi-interface and multi-channel device is deployed in each UV transceiver node. The band-pass filter is configured in the receiving node so as to realize the multi-channel access by use of the UV WDM technology. Both the UV communication node model and the UV channel model are established. Three types of UV no-line-of-sight (NLOS) multi-channel communications are simulated in the mesh topologies with NS2. The results show that the UV multi-channel access technology can increase network throughput effectively with using WDM.
In this paper, the multi-channel access technology of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the wireless ultraviolet (UV) scattering communication is studied. A multi-interface and multi-channel device is deployed in each UV transceiver node. The band-pass filter is configured in the receiving node so as to realize the multi-channel access by use of the UV WDM technology. Both the UV communication node model and the UV channel model are established. Three types of UV no-line-of-sight (NLOS) multi-channel communications are simulated in the mesh topologies with NS2. The results show that the UV multi-channel access technology can increase network throughput effectively with using WDM.
2013, 9(3):213-216.
Abstract:
A new grouped precoding technique based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) is presented for peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction of optical intensity modulated/direct detection (IM/DD) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The computational complexity of the scheme is reduced by at least about 15% compared with that of the ordinary DCT precoding scheme when the number of groups is 2. The PAPR with this method can be reduced by about 0.8 dB. Meantime, compared with original OFDM, the bit error rate (BER) performance of system is improved. So the proposed scheme for reducing PAPR is very effective in optical IM/DD OFDM systems.
A new grouped precoding technique based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) is presented for peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction of optical intensity modulated/direct detection (IM/DD) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The computational complexity of the scheme is reduced by at least about 15% compared with that of the ordinary DCT precoding scheme when the number of groups is 2. The PAPR with this method can be reduced by about 0.8 dB. Meantime, compared with original OFDM, the bit error rate (BER) performance of system is improved. So the proposed scheme for reducing PAPR is very effective in optical IM/DD OFDM systems.
2013, 9(3):217-220.
Abstract:
A simple channel estimation (CE) scheme, which is pilot-aided with just a little number of pilots inserted in the first half part of the subcarriers, is proposed and simulated for resisting the fiber dispersion in optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The simulation results verify that the receiver sensitivity is improved by 2–3 dBm for bit error rate (BER) of 10?3 with the proposed CE algorithm than that with other kinds of CE algorithms based on linear square principle. The good constellation performance for a 40 Gbit/s transmission system can be also obtained by the proposed scheme.
A simple channel estimation (CE) scheme, which is pilot-aided with just a little number of pilots inserted in the first half part of the subcarriers, is proposed and simulated for resisting the fiber dispersion in optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The simulation results verify that the receiver sensitivity is improved by 2–3 dBm for bit error rate (BER) of 10?3 with the proposed CE algorithm than that with other kinds of CE algorithms based on linear square principle. The good constellation performance for a 40 Gbit/s transmission system can be also obtained by the proposed scheme.
2013, 9(3):221-224.
Abstract:
International telecommunication union (ITU) recently has standardized ultra-high definition television (UHD-TV) with a resolution which is 16 times more than that of current high definition TV. Increasing the efficiency of video source coding or the capacity of transmission channels will be needed to deliver such programs by passive optical network (PON). In this paper, a complete passive co-existence of 10 Gbit-PON (XG-PON) and single carrier 40 Gbit-PON (XLG-PON) for overlay of UHD-TV distribution to 32 optical network units (ONUs) on broadcast basis is presented. The results show error free transmission performance with negligible power penalty over a 20 km bidirectional fiber.
International telecommunication union (ITU) recently has standardized ultra-high definition television (UHD-TV) with a resolution which is 16 times more than that of current high definition TV. Increasing the efficiency of video source coding or the capacity of transmission channels will be needed to deliver such programs by passive optical network (PON). In this paper, a complete passive co-existence of 10 Gbit-PON (XG-PON) and single carrier 40 Gbit-PON (XLG-PON) for overlay of UHD-TV distribution to 32 optical network units (ONUs) on broadcast basis is presented. The results show error free transmission performance with negligible power penalty over a 20 km bidirectional fiber.
2013, 9(3):225-228.
Abstract:
The single photonic quantum well (PQW) structures are successfully fabricated on p-type silicon wafer by electrochemical etching process, and are used for DNA detection firstly. The red shift of resonance peak is caused by the changing refractive index of PSi layer, which results from coupling of organic molecules into pores. When the porous silicon (PSi) based single PQW biosensors are immersed in complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with different concentrations ranging from 0.625 μM to 10.000 μM, a good linear relationship is observed between the red shift of resonance peak and the complementary DNA concentration. Experimental results show that the detection sensitivity of PSi-based single PQW biosensors is 3.04 nm/μM with a detection limit of 32 nM for 16-base pair DNA oligonucleotides.
The single photonic quantum well (PQW) structures are successfully fabricated on p-type silicon wafer by electrochemical etching process, and are used for DNA detection firstly. The red shift of resonance peak is caused by the changing refractive index of PSi layer, which results from coupling of organic molecules into pores. When the porous silicon (PSi) based single PQW biosensors are immersed in complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with different concentrations ranging from 0.625 μM to 10.000 μM, a good linear relationship is observed between the red shift of resonance peak and the complementary DNA concentration. Experimental results show that the detection sensitivity of PSi-based single PQW biosensors is 3.04 nm/μM with a detection limit of 32 nM for 16-base pair DNA oligonucleotides.
2013, 9(3):229-232.
Abstract:
A novel chromatic dispersion (CD) monitoring technique based on asynchronous amplitude histogram (AAH) for higher order modulation formats is proposed in this paper. Without demodulating the signal, in the monitoring scheme, the received signal is sampled asynchronously, and thus clock information and high-speed sampling units are unnecessary, resulting in low cost and high reliability. Simulations of CD monitoring technique for non-return-to-zero/return-to-zero (NRZ/RZ) 16- and 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) systems with different optical signal-to-noise ratios (OSNRs) and duty cycles are investigated, and the tolerance of the scheme is also discussed. Simulation results show that the presented CD monitoring technique with high sensitivity can be applied to monitor the residual CD of a transmission link in the next-generation optical networks.
A novel chromatic dispersion (CD) monitoring technique based on asynchronous amplitude histogram (AAH) for higher order modulation formats is proposed in this paper. Without demodulating the signal, in the monitoring scheme, the received signal is sampled asynchronously, and thus clock information and high-speed sampling units are unnecessary, resulting in low cost and high reliability. Simulations of CD monitoring technique for non-return-to-zero/return-to-zero (NRZ/RZ) 16- and 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) systems with different optical signal-to-noise ratios (OSNRs) and duty cycles are investigated, and the tolerance of the scheme is also discussed. Simulation results show that the presented CD monitoring technique with high sensitivity can be applied to monitor the residual CD of a transmission link in the next-generation optical networks.
2013, 9(3):233-237.
Abstract:
The equivalent four-pole network model is used to simulate one-dimension longitudinal acoustic resonator with different buffer diameters and lengths, aiming to reach a theoretic model which is able to estimate the optimal buffer geometry. In experiments, the buffer volumes are decreased gradually by filling a set of aluminum rings with different inner diameters and lengths into the buffers to get the desired dimensions. The experimental results show that the average deviation of 1.1% is obtained between the experimental results and the theoretical simulation at the buffer length of 30 mm. Experiments show that the minimum background signal occurs when the buffer length is equal to a quarter of the acoustic wavelength (λ/4). The amplitude of the photoacoustic signal is barely influenced when d buf>3d res. Considering that oversize of photoacoustic cell needs more measuring gas and more material, the buffer diameter can be deduced to d buf≈3d res. Therefore, smaller photoacoustic cell is desirable.
The equivalent four-pole network model is used to simulate one-dimension longitudinal acoustic resonator with different buffer diameters and lengths, aiming to reach a theoretic model which is able to estimate the optimal buffer geometry. In experiments, the buffer volumes are decreased gradually by filling a set of aluminum rings with different inner diameters and lengths into the buffers to get the desired dimensions. The experimental results show that the average deviation of 1.1% is obtained between the experimental results and the theoretical simulation at the buffer length of 30 mm. Experiments show that the minimum background signal occurs when the buffer length is equal to a quarter of the acoustic wavelength (λ/4). The amplitude of the photoacoustic signal is barely influenced when d buf>3d res. Considering that oversize of photoacoustic cell needs more measuring gas and more material, the buffer diameter can be deduced to d buf≈3d res. Therefore, smaller photoacoustic cell is desirable.
2013, 9(3):238-240.
Abstract:
A kind of fiber-optic sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index of surrounding medium, temperature and strain is described. Based on core diameter mismatch, a multimode-single mode-multimode (MSM) structure is presented. It is demonstrated that the three parameters can be measured respectively by the interference of the core mode and cladding modes excited in the single mode fiber (SMF). Then combined with a polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating (PMFBG) which has different sensing properties from MSM structure, three parameters are measured simultaneously. The experimental results show that PMFBG is insensitive to the refractive index and the refractive index sensitivity of the MSM structure is 96.04 nm·RIU?1; the temperature sensitivities of the characteristic wavelength for MSM structure and the center wavelengths of fast and slow axes for PMFBG are 0.0911 nm · °C?1, 0.00976 nm · °C?1 and 0.0105 nm · °C?1, respectively; the strain sensitivities of those are ?0.013 nm · μ??1, 0.012 nm · μ??1 and 0.012 nm · μ??1, respectively.
A kind of fiber-optic sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index of surrounding medium, temperature and strain is described. Based on core diameter mismatch, a multimode-single mode-multimode (MSM) structure is presented. It is demonstrated that the three parameters can be measured respectively by the interference of the core mode and cladding modes excited in the single mode fiber (SMF). Then combined with a polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating (PMFBG) which has different sensing properties from MSM structure, three parameters are measured simultaneously. The experimental results show that PMFBG is insensitive to the refractive index and the refractive index sensitivity of the MSM structure is 96.04 nm·RIU?1; the temperature sensitivities of the characteristic wavelength for MSM structure and the center wavelengths of fast and slow axes for PMFBG are 0.0911 nm · °C?1, 0.00976 nm · °C?1 and 0.0105 nm · °C?1, respectively; the strain sensitivities of those are ?0.013 nm · μ??1, 0.012 nm · μ??1 and 0.012 nm · μ??1, respectively.
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