Abstract:Using the vector diffraction theory and the phenomenological model, this paper investigates the second harmonic generation (SHG) of a single centrosymmetric nanosphere excited by focused doughnut beams (DBs) with different topological charges. The results show that strong backward SHG (BSHG) appears when the particle is excited by focused DBs with topological charges of ±1. The backward second harmonic radiation can be caused by the depolarized effect of high numerical aperture (NA) objectives due to the strong longitudinal components.

Abstract:The composition-dependent microstructural morphology variations of Se₈₉Zn₂Te₅In₄ and Se₈₇Zn₂Te₅In₆ chalcogenide alloys are investigated. Glassy and nanophase surfaces and structural morphologies of these alloys have been described with help of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and their elemental concentrations are confirmed from the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Experimental results demonstrate that the microstructure of Se₈₉Zn₂Te₅In₄ alloy belongs to pure glassy state, while the Se₈₇Zn₂Te₅In₆ alloy is with nanophase structure.

Abstract:The analysis on the traditional asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) optical filter based on two 3 dB directional couplers (DCs) shows that by adding an additional nonlinear phase generated by phase-generating coupler (PGC) to the original phase difference of the AMZI, its non-periodic frequency response can be modified, and a strictly periodic spectrum can be obtained. A novel structure of the AMZI filter using two PGCs before and after the AMZI region is proposed. With the needed free spectrum range (FSR) of 20 nm, the design and optimization of the device are performed using polymer SU-8 as the core and PMMA-GMA as the buffer. Though the insertion loss (IL) gets larger than that of the traditional AMZI filter, the FSR is nearly uniform as the expected period of 20 nm.

Abstract:We theoretically and experimentally show the impact of the ratio between the signal and idler generated from the PIA part on the gain characteristics in the continuous wave (CW) pump non-degenerate cascaded phase-sensitive fiber optical parametric amplifier (PS-FOPA). The results show that the length of highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) used for generating the idler can cause the variation of power ratio between the idler and signal, which significantly affects the gain characteristics of the PS-FOPA under the small signal gain condition. To obtain high gain, it is better to choose long HNLF to generate idler. In our experiment, 5.5 dB gain and 18 nm bandwidth (on/off gain>10 dBm) in PS-FOPA can be achieved when 300 m-long HNLF instead of 200 m-long HNLF is used in PIA.

Abstract:For the first time, periodic loaded electrodes and mushroom-type waveguide are combined to improve the performance of traveling-wave electroabsorption modulators (TWEAMs) based on the asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum well (AICD-SQW). The electrical modulation response of periodic mushroom-type TWEAM is obtained by using equivalent circuit model, and is compared with simulation result of conventional mushroom-type TWEAM counterpart. The equivalent circuit model simulation results indicate that for the exemplary modulation length of 300 μm, the mushroom-type TWEAM with periodic transmission line loading can achieve much wider bandwidth about 99.7 GHz and 43.1 GHz than the conventional counterpart with about 43 GHz and 33 GHz for 35Ω and 45 Ω terminations, respectively.

Abstract:The enhanced sensitivity of a guided mode biosensor is analyzed by employing double-layered porous silicon grating structures. The grating-coupled waveguide structure consists of two porous silicon grating layers with different refractive indices. Simulations are carried out by changing the refractive index, which is due to the binding of biological molecules on the porous silicon pore can increase the refractive index of porous silicon. The numerical results show that this novel guided mode biosensor with a double-layered grating can provide not only a very high sensitivity but also a better reflectivity characteristic.

Abstract:A novel symmetrical chirped beam splitter based on a binary blazed grating is proposed, which adopts the fully-etched grating structure compatible with the current fabrication facilities for CMOS technology and convenient for integration and manufacture process. This structure can realize nearly equal-power splitting operation under the condition of TE polarization incidence. When the absolutely normal incidence occurs at the wavelength of 1580 nm, the coupling efficiencies of the left and the right branches are 43.627% and 43.753%, respectively. Moreover, this structure has the tolerances of 20 nm in etched depth and 3° in incident angle, which is rather convenient to manufacture facility.

Abstract:Using photonic crystals (PCs), the extraction efficiency of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be greatly enhanced by the effects of photonic band gap (PBG) and grating diffraction. The two theoretical methods are also discussed. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that LEDs can achieve high extraction efficiency by employing photonic crystal as diffraction grating. PCs with square lattice of cylindrical unit cells are fabricated in GaN layer of GaN-based blue LED. We present a theoretical discussion on the extraction efficiency of PC-LED, which relies on the effective medium theory and transmission matrix method to investigate the effect of lattice constant. The results show that the extraction efficiency of the high performance LEDs can achieve 61.8% when the lattice constant is 270 nm.

Abstract:This paper describes a new method to design a laser mirror with high reflectivity, wide reflection bandwidth and high laserinduced damage threshold. The mirror is constructed by three materials of HfO₂/TiO₂/SiO₂ based on electric field and temperature field distribution characteristics of all-dielectric laser high reflector. TiO₂/SiO₂ stacks act as the high reflector (HR) and broaden the reflection bandwidth, while HfO₂/SiO₂ stacks are used for increasing the laser resistance. The HfO₂/TiO₂/SiO₂ laser mirror with 34 layers is fabricated by a novel remote plasma sputtering deposition. The damage threshold of zero damage probability for the new mirror is up to 39.6 J/cm² (1064 nm, 12 ns). The possible laser damage mechanism of the mirror is discussed.

Abstract:Laser phase noise (LPN) plays an important role in optical coherent systems. Based on the algorithm of Viterbi-Viterbi carrier phase estimation (CPE), the effects of LPN imposed on the coherent receivers are investigated for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8 phase shift keying (8PSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) optical coherent systems, respectively. The simulation results show that the optimal block length in the phase estimation algorithm is a tradeoff between LPN and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and depends on the level of modulation formats. The resolution requirements of analog to digital converter (ADC) in the coherent receivers are independent of LPN or the level of modulation formats. For the bit error rate (BER) of 10⁻³, the required bit number of ADC is 6, and the gain is marginal for the higher resolution.

Abstract:A high-effective bottom anode is essential for high-performance top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). In this paper, Ag-based top-emitting OLEDs are investigated. Ag has the highest reflectivity for visible light among all metals, yet its hole-injection properties are not ideal for anodes of top-emitting OLED. The performance of the devices is significantly improved using the molybdenum oxide as anode buffer layer at the surface of Ag. By introducing the molybdenum oxide, the hole injection from Ag anodes into top-emitting OLED is largely enhanced with rather high reflectivity retained.

Abstract:A prototype of YAG: Ce (Y₃Al₅O₁₂) luminous bulk ceramic as a remote phosphor for white LED illumination was fabricated in air through a strategy of silica addition. With increasing the amount of silica in a specific range, the opaque sample turns to be semi-transparent. The precipitation of crystals is verified to be in pure YAG phase by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Beyond the limit of silica amount, the dominant phase of YAG crystal is found to coexist with a small amount of newly-formed Y₂Si₂O₇, Al₂O₃ and the amorphous phase. The YAG crystals are with a grain size of approximately 2 μm and distribute evenly. The YAG hosts after structural modification via addition of silica result in yellow band emission of 5d → 4f transition peaked around 535 nm as excited by a blue LED, owing to the self-reduction of Ce⁴⁺ to Ce³⁺ even in the absence of reductive atmosphere.

Abstract:To evaluate the influence of the ZnO buffer layer and Al proportion on the properties of ZnO: Al (AZO)/ZnO bi-layer films, a series of AZO/ZnO films are deposited on the quartz substrates by electron beam evaporation. The X-ray diffraction measurement shows that the crystal quality of the films is improved with the increase of the film thickness. The electrical properties of the films are investigated. The carrier concentration and Hall mobility both increase with the increase of buffer layer thickness. However, the resistivity reaches the lowest at about 50 nm-thick buffer layer. The lowest resistivity and the maximum Hall mobility are both obtained at 1 wt% Al concentration. But the optical transmittance of all the films is greater than 80% regardless of the buffer layer thickness with Al concentration lower than 5 wt% in the visible region.

Abstract:We experimentally demonstrate the chaotic generation in a figure-of-eight erbium-doped fiber laser (F8L) with an optical fiber ring (OFR). With an appropriate combination of polarization controllers, we find that the fiber laser exhibits perioddoubling route to chaos, and the chaotic self-synchronous dynamics has a tendency to be reduced significantly. The experimental results show the tendency is related to the interference and the nonlinear phase shift of light in the optical fiber ring. Meanwhile, the chaotic dynamics is related to the polarization state and pump power.

Abstract:The effective index of the cladding fundamental space-filling mode in photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is simulated by the effective index method. The variation of the effective index with the structure parameters of the fiber is achieved. For the first time, the relations of the V parameter of Yb³⁺-doped PCF with the refractive index of core and the structure parameters of the fiber are provided. The single-mode characteristics of large-core Yb³⁺-doped photonic crystal fibers with 7 and 19 missing air holes in the core are analyzed. The large-core single-mode Yb³⁺-doped photonic crystal fibers with core diameters of 50 μm, 100 μm and 150 μm are designed. The results provide theory instruction for the design and fabrication of fiber.

Abstract:In the fiber optical synthetic aperture (FOSA) system, the diffraction of the Gaussian beam limited by the aperture in exit pupil plane of fiber collimator is studied theoretically, and the axial and transverse irradiance distributions are obtained. The point spread function (PSF) and modulation transfer function (MTF) of the truncated Gaussian beam array are computed numerically with different truncation factors. The results show that the diffraction of the truncated Gaussian beam array agrees with the uniform-beam Rayleigh diffraction when the truncation factor is less than 0.5, but little power is transmitted. The PSF and MTF are degraded, but more power can be contained when the truncation factor is larger. The selection of the truncation factor is a trade-off between the loss of transmission and the qualities of PSF and MTF in practical application.

Abstract:The ultrasonic (US) wave detection and an acoustic emission (AE) linear location system are proposed, which employ fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) as US wave sensors. In the theoretical analysis, the FBG sensor response to longitudinal US wave is investigated. The result indicates that the FBG wavelength can be modulated as static case when the grating length is much shorter than US wavelength. The experimental results of standard sinusoidal and spindle wave test agree well with the generated signal. Further research using two FBGs for realizing linear location is also achieved. The maximum linear location error is obtained as less than 5 mm. FBG-based US wave sensor and AE linear location provide useful tools for specific requirements.

Abstract:The binding energy and Stark effect energy shifts of a shallow donor impurity state in a strained GaN/Al _x Ga_1−x N spherical finite-potential quantum dot (QD) are calculated using a variational method based on the effective mass approximation. The binding energy is computed as a function of dot size and hydrostatic pressure. The numerical results show that the binding energy of the impurity state increases, attains a maximum value, and then decreases as the QD radius increases for any electric field. Moreover, the binding energy increases with the pressure for any size of dot. The Stark shift of the impurity energy for large dot size is much larger than that for the small dot size, and it is enhanced by the increase of electric field. We compare the binding energy of impurity state with and without strain effects, and the results show that the strain effects enhance the impurity binding energy considerably, especially for the small QD size. We also take the dielectric mismatch into account in our work.

Abstract:The energy levels, wave functions and the second-order nonlinear susceptibilities are calculated in GaAs/Al_0.2Ga_0.8As/Al_0.5Ga_0.5As asymmetric quantum well (AQW) by using an asymmetric model based on the parabolic and non-parabolic band. The influence of non-parabolicity can not be neglected when analyzing the phenomena in narrow quantum wells and in higher lying subband edges in wider wells. The numerical results show that under double resonance (DR) conditions, the secondorder difference frequency generation (DFG) and optical rectification (OR) generation susceptibilities in the AQW reach 2.5019 μm/V and 13.208 μm/V, respectively, which are much larger than those of the bulk GaAs. Besides, we calculate the absorption coefficient of AQW and find out the two pump wavelengths correspond to the maximum absorption, so appropriate pump beams must be selected to generate terahertz (THz) radiation by DFG.

Abstract:Scattering phase function is assumed to be one of the most significant factors in the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of natural water. According to three criteria proposed for assessment, several commonly used empirical phase functions are compared with their related practical or theoretical scattering distributions in terms of fitting errors under the circumstances of typical seawater and single-component polydisperse systems. The optimal factors corresponding to the minimum fitting errors are also calculated. It is found that both the one-term Henyey-Greenstein (OTHG) and two-term Henyey-Greenstein (TTHG) phase functions agree well with the theoretical ones for small particles, while the Fouriner-Forand (FF) phase function can be used in the case of suspensions with large suspended particles. The fitting accuracy of OTHG is the worst, FF is better and TTHG is the best.

Abstract:The dependence of the ground-state properties of weak-coupling bound magnetopolarons in quantum rods (QRs) with hydrogenic impurity on magnetic field and temperature is studied by means of the Lee-Low-Pines (LLP) transformation method and Huybrechts linear combination operator method. The expression for the ground-state energy of the magnetopolaron is derived. Results of the numerical calculations show that the ground-state energy of weak-coupling bound magnetopolarons in QRs with hydrogenic impurity increases with increasing the cyclotron frequency of the magnetic field, the confinement strength of QRs and the temperature, but decreases with increasing the electron-phonon coupling strength and the dielectric constant ratio. The stability of the ground state of magnetopolarons is closely related to the aspect ratio e′ of the QR. The ground state of magnetopolarons is the most stable at e′ =1. The stability of the ground state of magnetopolarons can remarkably decrease when the value of the aspect ratio increases or decreases from 1.