Volume 5,Issue 3,2009 Table of Contents
2009, 5(3).
Abstract:
The evanescent field absorption sensor for the detection of trace amount of copper (Ⅱ) in water is experimentally analyzed with the etched step index multimode plastic clad silica (PCS) fiber. The designed sensor is sensitive to copper (Ⅱ) content in water with a range up to 250 ppm.
The evanescent field absorption sensor for the detection of trace amount of copper (Ⅱ) in water is experimentally analyzed with the etched step index multimode plastic clad silica (PCS) fiber. The designed sensor is sensitive to copper (Ⅱ) content in water with a range up to 250 ppm.
2009, 5(3).
Abstract:
The goal of Optoelectronics Letters is to rapidly report original,new and important results in the fields of photonics and optoelectronics in English
The goal of Optoelectronics Letters is to rapidly report original,new and important results in the fields of photonics and optoelectronics in English
2009, 5(3):161-164.
Abstract:
We demonstrate a novel all-optical half-adder based on two semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAS). Two optical band-pass filters are used to select the two idlers generated by four-wave mixing (FWM) effect of the first SOA. Therefore, the AND gate and XNOR logic are realized simultaneously. The second SOA acts as a NOT gate, in which the NOR logic is achieved with the input of the logic XNOR. As a result, the output is the sum of the two input bits and the carry. In the experiment, all-optical half-addition calculation is achieved between two 10 Gb/s signals.
We demonstrate a novel all-optical half-adder based on two semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAS). Two optical band-pass filters are used to select the two idlers generated by four-wave mixing (FWM) effect of the first SOA. Therefore, the AND gate and XNOR logic are realized simultaneously. The second SOA acts as a NOT gate, in which the NOR logic is achieved with the input of the logic XNOR. As a result, the output is the sum of the two input bits and the carry. In the experiment, all-optical half-addition calculation is achieved between two 10 Gb/s signals.
2009, 5(3):165-168.
Abstract:
A novel automatic alignment algorithm of single mode fiber-waveguide based on improved genetic algorithm is proposed. The genetic searching is based on the dynamic crossover operator and the adaptive mutation operator to solve the premature convergence of simple genetic algorithm The improved genetic algorithm combines with hill-climbing method and pattern searching algorithm, to solve low precision of simple genetic algorithm in later searching. The simulation results indicate that the improved genetic algorithm can rise the alignment precision and reach the coupling loss of 0.01 dB when platform moves near 207 space points averagely.
A novel automatic alignment algorithm of single mode fiber-waveguide based on improved genetic algorithm is proposed. The genetic searching is based on the dynamic crossover operator and the adaptive mutation operator to solve the premature convergence of simple genetic algorithm The improved genetic algorithm combines with hill-climbing method and pattern searching algorithm, to solve low precision of simple genetic algorithm in later searching. The simulation results indicate that the improved genetic algorithm can rise the alignment precision and reach the coupling loss of 0.01 dB when platform moves near 207 space points averagely.
2009, 5(3):169-172.
Abstract:
The coupling between the line defect and point defect in a two-dimensional photonic crystal is studied by using plane wave expansion method and finite difference time domain method. Based on the analysis, we propose a novel tunable terahertz narrow-band filter. Simulation results on the defect modes and output spectra show that the photonic crystal that consists of two line defects and one point defect can act as a tunable filter with narrow bandwidth of 0.02 THz under the control of an external electric field.
The coupling between the line defect and point defect in a two-dimensional photonic crystal is studied by using plane wave expansion method and finite difference time domain method. Based on the analysis, we propose a novel tunable terahertz narrow-band filter. Simulation results on the defect modes and output spectra show that the photonic crystal that consists of two line defects and one point defect can act as a tunable filter with narrow bandwidth of 0.02 THz under the control of an external electric field.
Zhong-qiang Wang
,
Xiao-ming Wu
,
Na Jing
,
Qing-chuan Hou
,
Zi-yang Hu
,
Xiao-man Cheng
,
Yu-lin Hua
,
Jun Wei
,
Shou-gen Yin
2009, 5(3):173-176.
Abstract:
We have fabricated an organic photocoupler with organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with 520 nm emissive wavelength as the input light source and a photodiode (PD) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)-C61 (PCBM) as the detector. The influences of buffer layer (PEDOT:PSS) on output current (Iout), current transfer ratio (CTR) and time response characteristics of the photocoupler device were studied. Through our experiments, It is found that the output current linearly increases with the input current, the max output current and CTR of the devices with PEDOT:PSS buffer layer are 2 times and 7 times than that of the devices without buffer layer respectively, which show that the existence of buffer layer can enhance the output photocurrent efficiently. Moreover, the existence of PEDOT:PSS eliminates the time delay of the devices.
We have fabricated an organic photocoupler with organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with 520 nm emissive wavelength as the input light source and a photodiode (PD) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)-C61 (PCBM) as the detector. The influences of buffer layer (PEDOT:PSS) on output current (Iout), current transfer ratio (CTR) and time response characteristics of the photocoupler device were studied. Through our experiments, It is found that the output current linearly increases with the input current, the max output current and CTR of the devices with PEDOT:PSS buffer layer are 2 times and 7 times than that of the devices without buffer layer respectively, which show that the existence of buffer layer can enhance the output photocurrent efficiently. Moreover, the existence of PEDOT:PSS eliminates the time delay of the devices.
2009, 5(3):177-181.
Abstract:
Optical phased array technology is introduced and the steering performances of liquid crystal phased array are discussed, several factors affecting the beam steering performances arc analyzed completely, also simple models for some typical factors are developed. Then, a new method based on iterating and modifying the output phase pattern of liquid crystal phase shifters is proposed. Using this method, the modified voltages applied on electrodes of liquid crystal phase shifters can be obtained, after applying the voltages, the influence of factors can be compensated to some extent; the steering angle accu-racy and efficiency with liquid crystal phased array can be improved. Through the simulation for the angle range from 0° to -1°, the error of steering angle can be reduced three orders of magnitude, and the efficiency can be increased almost 30% after several iterations.
Optical phased array technology is introduced and the steering performances of liquid crystal phased array are discussed, several factors affecting the beam steering performances arc analyzed completely, also simple models for some typical factors are developed. Then, a new method based on iterating and modifying the output phase pattern of liquid crystal phase shifters is proposed. Using this method, the modified voltages applied on electrodes of liquid crystal phase shifters can be obtained, after applying the voltages, the influence of factors can be compensated to some extent; the steering angle accu-racy and efficiency with liquid crystal phased array can be improved. Through the simulation for the angle range from 0° to -1°, the error of steering angle can be reduced three orders of magnitude, and the efficiency can be increased almost 30% after several iterations.
8 Spectra of fiber Bragg grating and long period fiber grating undergoing linear and quadratic strain
YUAN Yin-quan
,
LIANG Lei
,
ZHANG Dong-sheng Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology
,
Information Processing
,
Ministry of Education of China
,
Wuhan University of Technology
,
Wuhan
,
China
2009, 5(3):182-185.
Abstract:
The effects of linear and quadratic strain on the reflective spectrum of FBG and the transmission spectrum of LPFG have been numerically investigated based on the coupled -mode equations. The results show that for the FBG or LPFG undergo-ing only linear strain, the reflection or transmission spectrum is symmetrical about its central wavelength, the dependence relationships of the central wavelength shift, full-width-at-half-maximum, peak intensity upon the strain gradient have been obtained.
The effects of linear and quadratic strain on the reflective spectrum of FBG and the transmission spectrum of LPFG have been numerically investigated based on the coupled -mode equations. The results show that for the FBG or LPFG undergo-ing only linear strain, the reflection or transmission spectrum is symmetrical about its central wavelength, the dependence relationships of the central wavelength shift, full-width-at-half-maximum, peak intensity upon the strain gradient have been obtained.
2009, 5(3):186-189.
Abstract:
Owing to the fact that the LED drive circuit must have constant output current control, we propose a controlled current driver with a high precision for the white light LED. Three discrete constant current settings are available and may be selected at the supply voltage from 2.9 V to 4.4 V, which is up to 1 A. An autozero transconductance amplifier is proposed, which effectively improves the precision, reduces the offset voltage and the noise. The variation in the ratio of the external resistor current to the LED load current is less than 2.3 %, when the LED load current changes from 200 mA to 800 mA.
Owing to the fact that the LED drive circuit must have constant output current control, we propose a controlled current driver with a high precision for the white light LED. Three discrete constant current settings are available and may be selected at the supply voltage from 2.9 V to 4.4 V, which is up to 1 A. An autozero transconductance amplifier is proposed, which effectively improves the precision, reduces the offset voltage and the noise. The variation in the ratio of the external resistor current to the LED load current is less than 2.3 %, when the LED load current changes from 200 mA to 800 mA.
2009, 5(3):190-193.
Abstract:
A dimensionless factor was introduced to deduce the analytic expression of impulse coupling coefficient for conical nozzles in the case of spherical symmetry, and a high precision impact pendulum system was used to measure impulse coupling coefficients of 15 conical nozzles with different cone angles and lengths. The expression was corrected according to experi-mental values. The results indicate that: 1) impulse coupling coefficient increases firstly and then decreases with augment of dimensionless length when cone angle is fixed;2) impulse coupling coefficient decreases monotonously with augment of cone angle when dimensionless length is fixed;3) it is of great importance for improving impulse coupling coefficient to increase the rate of laser energy deposition.
A dimensionless factor was introduced to deduce the analytic expression of impulse coupling coefficient for conical nozzles in the case of spherical symmetry, and a high precision impact pendulum system was used to measure impulse coupling coefficients of 15 conical nozzles with different cone angles and lengths. The expression was corrected according to experi-mental values. The results indicate that: 1) impulse coupling coefficient increases firstly and then decreases with augment of dimensionless length when cone angle is fixed;2) impulse coupling coefficient decreases monotonously with augment of cone angle when dimensionless length is fixed;3) it is of great importance for improving impulse coupling coefficient to increase the rate of laser energy deposition.
2009, 5(3):194-197.
Abstract:
Registers and counters axe the most important devices in any system of computations. In this paper we have communicated the trinaty registers and counters in modified trinary number (MTN) system. It is suitable for the optical computing and other applications in multivalued logic system. Here the savart plate and spatial light modulator (SLM) based optoelec-tronic circuits have been used to exploit the optical tree architecture (OTA) in optical interconnection network.
Registers and counters axe the most important devices in any system of computations. In this paper we have communicated the trinaty registers and counters in modified trinary number (MTN) system. It is suitable for the optical computing and other applications in multivalued logic system. Here the savart plate and spatial light modulator (SLM) based optoelec-tronic circuits have been used to exploit the optical tree architecture (OTA) in optical interconnection network.
2009, 5(3):198-201.
Abstract:
A waveguide crossing utilizing a high index contrast material system is presented. The structure is based on coupling with an octagonal resonant cavity inscrted at the waveguide junction. It also employs four identical square metal strips placed at the four comers of the waveguide crossing. The spectral response of the structure calculated using the method of line numerical technique, in general, shows a high power transmission in the forward arm with sufficiently low crosstalk and fraction of radiated power.
A waveguide crossing utilizing a high index contrast material system is presented. The structure is based on coupling with an octagonal resonant cavity inscrted at the waveguide junction. It also employs four identical square metal strips placed at the four comers of the waveguide crossing. The spectral response of the structure calculated using the method of line numerical technique, in general, shows a high power transmission in the forward arm with sufficiently low crosstalk and fraction of radiated power.
2009, 5(3):202-204.
Abstract:
The spectral characteristics of the splitting angle and its asymmetry for double-Wollaston prism are analyzed theoretically. With the increase of the prism structure angle, the splitting angle of the double Wollaston prism and its asymmetry increase. However, the splitting angle decreases with the increase of the wavelength of incident light. The influence of the incident light wavelength on the splitting angle in the ultraviolet wave band is much greater than that in visible and near-infrared wave band. To verify the theoretical analysis, the characteristics of the double Wollaston prism are also studied experimentally.
The spectral characteristics of the splitting angle and its asymmetry for double-Wollaston prism are analyzed theoretically. With the increase of the prism structure angle, the splitting angle of the double Wollaston prism and its asymmetry increase. However, the splitting angle decreases with the increase of the wavelength of incident light. The influence of the incident light wavelength on the splitting angle in the ultraviolet wave band is much greater than that in visible and near-infrared wave band. To verify the theoretical analysis, the characteristics of the double Wollaston prism are also studied experimentally.
2009, 5(3):205-208.
Abstract:
The generation of optical millimeter waves via the improved phase modulator in a RoF system and the transmission char-acter of the signal are thenretically investigated. A new phase modulating scheme is proposed, in which the sidebands are separated by wave length demultiplexer and one of them doesn't feed digital signals, thereby the phase wake-off is restrained.
The generation of optical millimeter waves via the improved phase modulator in a RoF system and the transmission char-acter of the signal are thenretically investigated. A new phase modulating scheme is proposed, in which the sidebands are separated by wave length demultiplexer and one of them doesn't feed digital signals, thereby the phase wake-off is restrained.
2009, 5(3):209-211.
Abstract:
Mn-doped ZnS nanobelts have been prepared through a thermal evaporation method at 1100℃. The synthesized nanobelts are characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results show that the nanobelts have an uniform single-crystal hexagonal wurtzite structure and grow along [0001] direction. Room-temperature photoluminescence reveals that the intrinsic PL of the nanobelts disappears and a new PL peak of the Mn-doped ZnS nanobelts emerges at 575 nm.
Mn-doped ZnS nanobelts have been prepared through a thermal evaporation method at 1100℃. The synthesized nanobelts are characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results show that the nanobelts have an uniform single-crystal hexagonal wurtzite structure and grow along [0001] direction. Room-temperature photoluminescence reveals that the intrinsic PL of the nanobelts disappears and a new PL peak of the Mn-doped ZnS nanobelts emerges at 575 nm.
Shi-feng Wang
,
Xiao-dan Zhang
,
Ying Zhao
,
Chang-chun Wei
,
Sheng-zhi Xu
,
Jian Sun
,
Xin-hua Geng
2009, 5(3):212-215.
Abstract:
Modulation frequency and pulse duty cycle are two key parameters of pulsed VHF-PECVD technology. An experimental study on the microcrystalline silicon materials prepared by pulsed VHF-PECVD technology in high deposition rate is presented. And combining the diagnosis of plasma process with optical emission spectroscopy (OES), the dependence of microstructure and electrical properties of thin films on the pulse modulation frequency is discussed in detail.
Modulation frequency and pulse duty cycle are two key parameters of pulsed VHF-PECVD technology. An experimental study on the microcrystalline silicon materials prepared by pulsed VHF-PECVD technology in high deposition rate is presented. And combining the diagnosis of plasma process with optical emission spectroscopy (OES), the dependence of microstructure and electrical properties of thin films on the pulse modulation frequency is discussed in detail.
2009, 5(3):216-219.
Abstract:
ZnO thin films are deposited on Al/Si substrates by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The XRD and SEM images of films are examined. Highly c-axis oriented ZnO thin films which have uniform compact surface morphology are fabricated. The size of surface grains is about 30 nm. The Schottky barrier ultraviolet detectors with silver Schottky contacts are made on ZnO thin films. The current-voltage characteristics are measured. The ideality contact factor between Ag and ZnO film is 1.22, while the barrier height is 0.908 e V. After annealing at 600 ℃ for 2h, the ideafity factor is 1.18 and the barrier height is 0.988 eV. With the illumination of 325 nm wavelength UV-light, the photocurrent-to-dark current ratios before and after annealing are 140.4 and 138.4 biased at 5 V, respectively. The photocurrents increase more than two orders of magnitude over the dark currents.
ZnO thin films are deposited on Al/Si substrates by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The XRD and SEM images of films are examined. Highly c-axis oriented ZnO thin films which have uniform compact surface morphology are fabricated. The size of surface grains is about 30 nm. The Schottky barrier ultraviolet detectors with silver Schottky contacts are made on ZnO thin films. The current-voltage characteristics are measured. The ideality contact factor between Ag and ZnO film is 1.22, while the barrier height is 0.908 e V. After annealing at 600 ℃ for 2h, the ideafity factor is 1.18 and the barrier height is 0.988 eV. With the illumination of 325 nm wavelength UV-light, the photocurrent-to-dark current ratios before and after annealing are 140.4 and 138.4 biased at 5 V, respectively. The photocurrents increase more than two orders of magnitude over the dark currents.
2009, 5(3):220-223.
Abstract:
A 20 nanometer palladium-silver (Pd/Ag) ultra-thin film was used for hydrogen gas sensing. The atomic ratio of Pd: Ag was 3:1, the thin film was evaporated on the optical glass, the Pd/Ag alloy could increase the life and provide the stability of the sensing film. The artificial neutral network was used for processing the data collected from the optical fiber bundle hydro-gen sensor, which could enhance the measuring accuracy, at the same time, the intrinsic and extrinsic influences were eliminated mainly. Experimental results and numerical simulation show the training method available, a linear precision of 0.1% for the optical hydrogen sensor is achieved.
A 20 nanometer palladium-silver (Pd/Ag) ultra-thin film was used for hydrogen gas sensing. The atomic ratio of Pd: Ag was 3:1, the thin film was evaporated on the optical glass, the Pd/Ag alloy could increase the life and provide the stability of the sensing film. The artificial neutral network was used for processing the data collected from the optical fiber bundle hydro-gen sensor, which could enhance the measuring accuracy, at the same time, the intrinsic and extrinsic influences were eliminated mainly. Experimental results and numerical simulation show the training method available, a linear precision of 0.1% for the optical hydrogen sensor is achieved.
2009, 5(3):224-226.
Abstract:
The evanescent field absorption sensor for the detection of trace amount of copper (II) in water is experimentally analyzed with the etched step index multimode plastic clad silica (PCS) fiber. The designed sensor is sensitive to copper (II) content in water with a range up to 250 ppm.
The evanescent field absorption sensor for the detection of trace amount of copper (II) in water is experimentally analyzed with the etched step index multimode plastic clad silica (PCS) fiber. The designed sensor is sensitive to copper (II) content in water with a range up to 250 ppm.
2009, 5(3):227-231.
Abstract:
The proposed perceptual mask is based on the singularity of cover image and matches very well with the properties of the human visual system. The cover colour image is decomposed into several subbands by the wavelet transform. The water-mark composed of chaotic sequence and the covert image is embedded into the subband with the largest energy. The chaos system plays an important role in the security invisibility and robustness of the proposed scheme. The parameter and initial state of chaos system can directly influence the generation of watermark information as a key. Moreover, the watermark information has the property of spread spectrum signal by chaotic sequence to improve the invisibility and security of watermarked image. Experimental results and comparisons with other watermarking techniques prove that the proposed algorithm is effective and feasible, and improves the security, invisibility and robustness of watermarking information.
The proposed perceptual mask is based on the singularity of cover image and matches very well with the properties of the human visual system. The cover colour image is decomposed into several subbands by the wavelet transform. The water-mark composed of chaotic sequence and the covert image is embedded into the subband with the largest energy. The chaos system plays an important role in the security invisibility and robustness of the proposed scheme. The parameter and initial state of chaos system can directly influence the generation of watermark information as a key. Moreover, the watermark information has the property of spread spectrum signal by chaotic sequence to improve the invisibility and security of watermarked image. Experimental results and comparisons with other watermarking techniques prove that the proposed algorithm is effective and feasible, and improves the security, invisibility and robustness of watermarking information.
2009, 5(3):232-235.
Abstract:
Color and geometry inconsistency between different views is an urgent problem in multi-view imaging applications. In this paper, we present a color correction and geometric calibration method for multi-view images on the basis of feature corre-spondences between views. First, keypoints in views are detected by using scale invariant feature transform, and accurately matched by bi-directional feature matching between difference views. Then multiplicative and additive errors between matching keypoints are calculated to achieve color correction. In addition, an affine transformation between minimum cost matching keypoints is established to achieve geometric calibration. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in color correction and geometric calibration, and a higher coding efficiency is obtained.
Color and geometry inconsistency between different views is an urgent problem in multi-view imaging applications. In this paper, we present a color correction and geometric calibration method for multi-view images on the basis of feature corre-spondences between views. First, keypoints in views are detected by using scale invariant feature transform, and accurately matched by bi-directional feature matching between difference views. Then multiplicative and additive errors between matching keypoints are calculated to achieve color correction. In addition, an affine transformation between minimum cost matching keypoints is established to achieve geometric calibration. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in color correction and geometric calibration, and a higher coding efficiency is obtained.
2009, 5(3):236-240.
Abstract:
Owing to the blurring effect from atmosphere and camera system in the satellite imaging a blind image restoration algo-rithm is proposed which includes the modulation transfer function (MTF) estimation and the image restoration. In the MTF estimation stage, based on every degradation process of satellite imaging-chain, a combined parametric model of MTF is given and used to fit the surface of normalized logarithmic amplitude spectrum of degraded image. In the image restoration stage, a maximum a posteriori (MAP) based edge-preserving image restoration method is presented which introduces multivariate Laplacian model to characterize the prior distribution of wavelet coefficients of original image. During the image restoration, in order to avoid solving high nonlinear equations, optimization transfer algorithm is adopted to decom-pose the image restoration procedure into two simple steps: Landweber iteration and wavelet thresholding denoising. In the numerical experiment, the satellite image restoration results from SPOT-5 and high resolution camera (HR) of China & Brazil earth resource satellite (CBERS-02B) ane compared, and the proposed algorithm is superior in the image edge preservation and noise inhibition.
Owing to the blurring effect from atmosphere and camera system in the satellite imaging a blind image restoration algo-rithm is proposed which includes the modulation transfer function (MTF) estimation and the image restoration. In the MTF estimation stage, based on every degradation process of satellite imaging-chain, a combined parametric model of MTF is given and used to fit the surface of normalized logarithmic amplitude spectrum of degraded image. In the image restoration stage, a maximum a posteriori (MAP) based edge-preserving image restoration method is presented which introduces multivariate Laplacian model to characterize the prior distribution of wavelet coefficients of original image. During the image restoration, in order to avoid solving high nonlinear equations, optimization transfer algorithm is adopted to decom-pose the image restoration procedure into two simple steps: Landweber iteration and wavelet thresholding denoising. In the numerical experiment, the satellite image restoration results from SPOT-5 and high resolution camera (HR) of China & Brazil earth resource satellite (CBERS-02B) ane compared, and the proposed algorithm is superior in the image edge preservation and noise inhibition.
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